scholarly journals Is it possible to enhance immune response after vaccination? The role of a probiotic with a proven positive effect on all components of the immune system

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
E. V. Kanner ◽  
M. L. Maksimov ◽  
I. D. Kanner ◽  
N. M. Lapkin ◽  
A. V. Gorelov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Probiotic Strains

Preventive vaccination is currently the most affordable and economical way to reduce morbidity and mortality from many infections, improve quality and human life expectancy with an almost ideal balance of benefits and risks among all medical procedures. The article deals with the reasons for variability of the immune response caused by vaccines, between individuals and between populations, which is of fundamental importance for human health. The authors have presented data indicating a key role of the gut microbiota in the control of the immune response to vaccination. Particular attention is paid to the microbial diversity in different loci of the body. The role of microorganisms in the proper functioning of the body and the formation of a number of pathological conditions is described. Most modern vaccines are live-attenuated, killed / inactivated or subunit (recombinant) vaccines, and they are designed for the parenteral route of administration. Most of these vaccines elicit a weak immune response, especially in the mucous membranes, due to the route of administration and are associated with weak cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, mechanisms that can enhance virus-specific vaccine immunity in infants and children are required, such as the use of more potent or selective immunity-enhancing adjuvants. Some probiotic strains may be considered as promising vaccine adjuvants. This article evaluates the recent clinical studies of probiotics used to enhance vaccine-specific immunity in adults and infants. The present-day knowledge on the role of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with the aim of activating immunity after vaccination are presented.

scholarly journals The Role of Immunobiotics and Postbiotics in the Recovery of Immune Cell Populations From Respiratory Mucosa of Malnourished Hosts: Effect on the Resistance Against Respiratory Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Salva ◽  
Yanina Kolling ◽  
Maximiliano Ivir ◽  
Florencia Gutiérrez ◽  
Susana Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Nasal Administration ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Respiratory Mucosa ◽  
Probiotic Strains

Malnutrition is associated with a state of secondary immunodeficiency, which is characterized by a worsening of the immune response against infectious agents. Despite important advances in vaccines and antibiotic therapies, the respiratory infections are among the leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. In this review, we examine the interactions between immunobiotics-postbiotics and the immune cell populations of the respiratory mucosa. In addition, we discuss how this cross talk affects the maintenance of a normal generation of immune cells, that is crucial for the establishment of protective innate and adaptive immune responses. Particular attention will be given to the alterations in the development of phagocytic cells, T and B lymphocytes in bone marrow, spleen and thymus in immunosuppression state by protein deprivation. Furthermore, we describe our research that demonstrated that the effectiveness of immunobiotics nasal administration in accelerating the recovery of the respiratory immune response in malnourished hosts. Finally, we propose the peptidoglycan from the immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 as the key cellular component for the effects on mucosal immunity, which are unique and cannot be extrapolated to other L. rhamnosus or probiotic strains. In this way, we provide the scientific bases for its application as a mucosal adjuvant in health plans, mainly aimed to improve the immune response of immunocompromised hosts. The search for safe vaccine adjuvants that increase their effectiveness at the mucosal level is a problem of great scientific relevance today.

scholarly journals The Role of Th17 Response in COVID-19

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1550
Author(s):  
Diana Martonik ◽  
Anna Parfieniuk-Kowerda ◽  
Magdalena Rogalska ◽  
Robert Flisiak
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Response ◽  
Th17 Response ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Cytokine Cascade ◽  
Necrosis Factor

COVID-19 is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory system caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections occurs through droplets and contaminated objects. A rapid and well-coordinated immune system response is the first line of defense in a viral infection. However, a disturbed and over-activated immune response may be counterproductive, causing damage to the body. Severely ill patients hospitalised with COVID-19 exhibit increased levels of many cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Increasing evidence suggests that Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, not only by activating cytokine cascade but also by inducing Th2 responses, inhibiting Th1 differentiation and suppressing Treg cells. This review focuses on a Th17 pathway in the course of the immune response in COVID-19, and explores plausible targets for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Bacterial Cyclic Dinucleotides and the cGAS–cGAMP–STING Pathway: A Role in Periodontitis?

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Samira Elmanfi ◽  
Mustafa Yilmaz ◽  
Wilson W. S. Ong ◽  
Kofi S. Yeboah ◽  
Herman O. Sintim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Cyclic Dinucleotides ◽  
Sting Pathway

Host cells can recognize cytosolic double-stranded DNAs and endogenous second messengers as cyclic dinucleotides—including c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, and cGAMP—of invading microbes via the critical and essential innate immune signaling adaptor molecule known as STING. This recognition activates the innate immune system and leads to the production of Type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, we (1) focus on the possible role of bacterial cyclic dinucleotides and the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and the regulation of periodontal immune response, and (2) review and discuss activators and inhibitors of the STING pathway as immune response regulators and their potential utility in the treatment of periodontitis. PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched with the terms “STING”, “TBK 1”, “IRF3”, and “cGAS”—alone, or together with “periodontitis”. Current studies produced evidence for using STING-pathway-targeting molecules as part of anticancer therapy, and as vaccine adjuvants against microbial infections; however, the role of the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway in periodontal disease pathogenesis is still undiscovered. Understanding the stimulation of the innate immune response by cyclic dinucleotides opens a new approach to host modulation therapies in periodontology.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiography pancreatitis Short title: Post-ERCP pancreatitis prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirghani HO
Keyword(s):  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) is a serious disease. The role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the prevention of PEP is conflicting. Objectives: This review aimed to assess the preventive role of NSAIDs in PEP with special emphasis on the dose and route of administration. Methods: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant observational studies published in English during the period from January 2010 to January 2020. The terms post-ERCP pancreatitis, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin, NSAIDs, dose, route of administration were used. Results: Of the 179 identified, 19 full texts were screened and included in the review. Ten studies were from Europe, seven from Asia and two were published in the USA, the studies showed that NSAIDs were effective in preventing PEP when used rectally or intramuscularly, higher doses are more efficacious and the combination with stents was not superior, careful patients selection is needed in particular regarding the body mass index. Conclusion: NSAIDs were effective in PEP prevention; however, the evidence is weak due to the observational nature and the different methods used in the included studies. Randomized controlled studies are needed to solve the issue.

scholarly journals Intraspecific Genotypic Characterization of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strains Intended for Probiotic Use and Isolates of Human Origin

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 5376-5383 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vancanneyt ◽  
G. Huys ◽  
K. Lefebvre ◽  
V. Vankerckhoven ◽  
H. Goossens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Clinical Case Studies ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Different Sources

ABSTRACT A set of 118 strains of the species Lactobacillus rhamnosus was collected, including probiotic strains, research strains with potential probiotic properties, food starter cultures, and human isolates. The majority of the strains were collected from companies, hospitals, or culture collections or were obtained after contacting authors who reported clinical case studies in the literature. The present work aimed to reveal the genotypic relationships between strains of these diverse sources. All strains were initially investigated using fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) with three different primer combinations. Numerical analysis of FAFLP data allowed (i) confirmation of the identification of all strains as members of L. rhamnosus and (ii) delineation of seven stable intraspecific FAFLP clusters. Most of these clusters contained both (potentially) probiotic strains and isolates of human origin. For each of the clusters, strains of different sources were selected for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of macrorestriction fragments obtained with the enzymes NotI and AscI. Analysis of PFGE data indicated that (i) some (potentially) probiotic strains were indistinguishable from other probiotic strains, suggesting that several companies may use duplicate cultures of the same probiotic strain, and (ii) in a number of cases human isolates from sterile body sites were indistinguishable from a particular probiotic strain, suggesting that some of these isolates may be reisolations of commercial strains.

scholarly journals Manufacturing process influences properties of probiotic bacteria

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Grześkowiak ◽  
Erika Isolauri ◽  
Seppo Salminen ◽  
Miguel Gueimonde
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Influence Model ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Micro Organisms

Production and manufacturing methods and the food carrier may influence the properties of probiotic strains, and have an impact on the outcome of clinical intervention studies. The aim of the present study was to establish whether the properties of a specific probiotic strain,Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG, may differ depending on the product and source of the strain. In total, fifteen differentL. rhamnosusisolates, among them fourteen labelled asL.rhamnosusGG, were isolated from specific probiotic products. The micro-organisms were phenotypically and genotypically characterised. Their adhesion properties were compared using the human intestinal mucus model, and the ability of the isolates to influence model pathogen adhesion to human colonic mucus was assessed. AllL. rhamnosusisolates used were confirmed as members of the speciesL. rhamnosus. Except the reference strain OL, allL.rhamnosusisolates showed randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles identical to that ofL. rhamnosusGG (ATCC 53103). AllL.rhamnosusisolates showed similar tolerance to acid and were able to bind to human colonic mucus. However, pathogen exclusion by inhibition and competition varied significantly among the differentL. rhamnosusisolates and pathogens tested. The results suggest that different sources of the same probiotic may have significantly altered strain properties. This should be considered inin vivostudies on human subjects and also for quality control of probiotic products.

Increased expression of clp genes in Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20 exposed to acid stress and bile salts

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Ferreira ◽  
M.N V. De Oliveira ◽  
F.S. Freitas ◽  
P. Alfenas-Zerbini ◽  
D.F. Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salts ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Mrs Broth

The ability to survive in harsh environments is an important criterion to select potential probiotics strains. The objective of this study was to identify and carry out phylogenetic and expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR of the clpP, clpE, clpL and clpX genes in the probiotic strain Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20 exposed to the conditions prevailing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Phylogenetic trees reconstructed by Bayesian inference showed that the L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 clpP, clpL and clpE genes and the ones from L. delbrueckii ATCC 11842 were grouped. The exposure of cells to MRS broth of pH 3.5 for 30 and 60 min resulted in an increased expression of the four genes. Exposure of the L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 cells for 30 and 60 min to MRS broth containing 0.1% bile salts increased the expression of the clpP and clpE genes, while the expression level of the clpL and clpX genes increased only after 30 min of exposure. The involvement of the studied genes in the responses to acid stress and bile salts suggests a possible central role of these genes in the survival of L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 during the passage through the GIT, a characteristic necessary for probiotic strains.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a new probiotic concept for broilers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Jørgensen ◽  
L. L. Poulsen ◽  
M. Bisgaard ◽  
H. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
The Cost

SUMMARYProbiotics were introduced as a spray directly in the hatcher when chickens started to leave the eggs which potentially could reduce the horizontal transmission and colonization with pathogenic bacteria. The single introduction of probiotics could limit the cost compared to multiple introductions with feed and/or water. A mixture of five probiotic strains belonging to Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus agilis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus was tested with two independent flocks of broilers (Ross 308). For each experiment, a comparison was made to an untreated control flock on the same farm. At day 14 of production the probiotic strains were re-isolated from ileum of euthanized chickens. The first week mortality was slightly increased in the probiotic flock (0.42%) compared to the control (0.35%) in experiment 1, however, it was higher in the control flock (1.45%) compared to the probiotic flock (1.12%) in experiment 2. The average weight of chickens that could be slaughtered for consumption was increased by 3.5% in the probiotic flocks compared to the control flocks, resulting in a 1.9% higher total weight of slaughtered chickens in the probiotics treated flocks compared to the control as a mean of the two experiments. The number of condemned animals was within the normal range for the production system and could not directly be related to effects of probiotics. Although one probiotic strain of E. coli was isolated from dead animals, the probiotics did not affect the proportion of chickens which died due to E. coli during the first week compared to the control.Primary audienceplant managers, veterinarians, nutritionists

scholarly journals Microbiocenosis Of Open Cavities Of The Body

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Ziyaeva E.R. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Topical Problem ◽  
Normal Microflora ◽  
Open Cavities

The article is devoted to a review of the topical problem of our time “Microbiocenosis of open cavities of the body and its role in the occurrence of many diseases of the human body ”. It has now been proven that the normal microflora of the human body plays a huge role in the normal course of life processes. The slightest violation of the composition of microorganisms leads to various irreversible defects in the normal course of human life, which are associated with the functions of the microbiocenosis and which no medicine can replace. The concept of microbiocenosis appeared in the 70s of the last century, although the first stone in this direction was put by Louis Pasteur, who proved the role of a microorganism in the process of fermentation and digestion. Many scientists contributed to the leap forward development of this science, which was forced due to errors in the use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs. Yes, indeed, the path of development of the science of biocenoses is closely related to the misuse of drugs, which often leads to dysbiosis. In addition, environmental pollution due to the uncontrollable development of urbanization plays a huge role in the development of dysbiotic processes.Therefore, with the aim of acquainting readers with the concept of biocenoses, certain pathways of pathogenetic links in the development of various diseases in violation of the composition of the normal microflora of the human body, we set ourselves the task of conducting a partial review of the achievement of the science of biocenoses of open cavities of the body.

scholarly journals IMMUNE MECHANISMS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLED AND PARTIALLY CONTROLLED ASTHMA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Vitkina ◽  
T. P. Novgorodtseva ◽  
E. P. Kalinina ◽  
E. G. Lobanova ◽  
M. V. Antonyuk
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Th17 Lymphocytes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Asthma Patients

Despite a significant amount of works specifying immune mechanisms of bronchial asthma (BA), different phenotypes observed in this pathology need to be studied. The aim of present study was to analyze functional activity of Th1, Th2 и Th17 lymphocytes, and to determine features of inflammation in controlled and partly controlled asthma.We examined eighty-four BA patients that were divided into 2 groups, depending on the control of symptoms and the clinical course of BA. Group I included 45 patients with controlled BA, whereas group II included 39 patients with partially controlled asthma. The subsets of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes were assessed by serum cytokine levels (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A) using flow cytometry technique.The results of this study were as follows: we have shown a combined T-helper (Th) immune response in asthma patients, with its origin depending on the degree of the disease control. Th2 (62%), Th1/Th2 (20%) and Th1 (18%) types of immune response have been detected in the patients with controlled BA. Th2/Th17 (49%), Th1/Th17 (13%) and Th17 (37%) types of immune response have been identified in the patients with partially controlled BA. It has been shown, that Th1 immune response in patients with controlled asthma is induced by intracellular infection. The formation of the Th1/Th2 phenotype is associated with a site of chronic bacterial infection revealed, and with persistence of viral infection in the body. This phenotype can be used as an indicator of asthma worsening. Further studies in the role of prevalent immune response type in the development of partially controlled BA have shown that activation of Th17 lymphocytes is associated with prolonged course of the disease. Irrespectively of initial phenotype, the development of Th17-dependent immune response seems to result from a durable systemic persistent inflammation.The views on the key role of Th1/Th2 balance in the development of asthma are accomplished by evidence of Th17 lymphocyte involvement into the process, and Th1/Th17, Th2/Th17 phenotypes seem to be the polar features of the disease. Estimation of intensity and phenotype of inflammation in BA will permit a more objective evaluation of the therapy applied, and to choose further management strategies.

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