Determination of the optimum incubation period of blood culture broths for the detection of clinically significant septicemia.

To find out the ability of Orobanche seeds to germinate immediately after seed set, seeds were germinated periodically at an interval of three months for one year in GR24. Some Orobanche seeds were capable of germination immediately after seed set but most required about nine months as after ripening or incubation period to be able to germinate. The phenomenon of after ripening in Orobanche seeds could be taken as an ecological measure to dormant over following unfavorable wet summer season. The growth hormone studies on Orobanche seed germination have shown that GA3 at a concentration of 100 ppm substantially enhanced seed germination when applied during pre-conditioning period. NAA showed some stimulatory effect at 0.5 - 1.0 ppm when applied during post-conditioning period but the hormone if applied during pre-conditioning period inhibited the germination. Kinetin failed to stimulate the germination at all the concentrations tested. Key words: Germination, root-parasite, hormone. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

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Updated Review of Blood Culture Contamination

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.00062-05 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 788-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 386

Author(s):

Keri K. Hall ◽

Jason A. Lyman

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Decision Support ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Infection Control ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Potential Utility ◽

Diagnostic Uncertainty ◽

Computer Based ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Care Costs

SUMMARY Blood culture contamination represents an ongoing source of frustration for clinicians and microbiologists alike. Ambiguous culture results often lead to diagnostic uncertainty in clinical management and are associated with increased health care costs due to unnecessary treatment and testing. A variety of strategies have been investigated and employed to decrease contamination rates. In addition, numerous approaches to increase our ability to distinguish between clinically significant bacteremia and contamination have been explored. In recent years, there has been an increase in the application of computer-based tools to support infection control activities as well as provide clinical decision support related to the management of infectious diseases. Finally, new approaches for estimating bacteremia risk which have the potential to decrease unnecessary blood culture utilization have been developed and evaluated. In this review, we provide an overview of blood culture contamination and describe the potential utility of a variety of approaches to improve both detection and prevention. While it is clear that progress is being made, fundamental challenges remain.

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Determination of Antifungal Susceptibilities of Candida Species Blood Culture Isolates by Using the Macrodilution Method and E-test

Journal of Chemotherapy ◽

10.1179/joc.2003.15.5.515 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 515-516

Author(s):

F. Dogruman Al ◽

E. Aktas ◽

A. Ayyildiz ◽

N. Yigit ◽

E. Tuncel

Keyword(s):

Blood Culture ◽

Candida Species

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Radioimmunoassay for amatoxins by use of a rapid, 125I-tracer-based system.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/32.9.1751 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 32 (9) ◽

pp. 1751-1755 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

R Y Andres ◽

W Frei ◽

K Gautschi ◽

D J Vonderschmitt

Keyword(s):

Data Processing ◽

Chemical Approach ◽

Detectable Concentration ◽

Assay Time ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Alpha Amanitin

Abstract In this new radioimmunoassay system for determination of amatoxins in urine and plasma, a novel chemical approach is used for antigen and 125I-tracer production, based on a detoxified alpha-amanitin derivative (aldoamanitin). Total assay time, including data processing, is less than 100 min. The lowest detectable concentration is 1 microgram/L for urine, 0.1 microgram/L for plasma. In the clinically significant range, within-run CVs are less than 8%. This new 125I-based assay is a significant improvement over existing 3H technology in terms of speed, precision, and freedom from interference.

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Simplified Method for Determination of Total Dietary Fiber in Foods

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/71.5.1063 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 71 (5) ◽

pp. 1063-1064

Author(s):

Betty W Li ◽

Karen W Andrews

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Incubation Period ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Food Samples ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Collaborative Studies ◽

Simplified Method ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract A simplified method, based on the same principles as the AOAC enzymatic-gravimetric method for determining total dietary fiber (TDF) (43.A14-43.A20), has been tested on 12 food samples which had been used in other collaborative studies. TDF values obtained in our laboratory for these 2 methods were in good agreement (y = 0.96x + 0.39; r = 0.999). The simplified method uses a single incubation period and only 1 enzyme (amyloglucosidase), and thus yields smaller blank and ash corrections but a higher protein correction.

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Effect of Antifungal Therapy Timing on Mortality in Cancer Patients with Candidemia

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00945-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 184-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Ying Taur ◽

Nina Cohen ◽

Sarah Dubnow ◽

Alla Paskovaty ◽

Susan K. Seo

Keyword(s):

Blood Culture ◽

Hospital Mortality ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Incubation Period ◽

Antifungal Therapy ◽

Incubation Time ◽

Culture Collection ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Apache Iii ◽

Blood Culture Positivity

ABSTRACT Prior studies have shown that delays in treatment are associated with increased mortality in patients with candidemia. The purpose of this study was to measure three separate time periods comprising the diagnosis and treatment of candidemia and to determine which one(s) is associated with hospital mortality. Patients with blood cultures positive for Candida spp. were identified. Subjects were excluded if no antifungal therapy was given or if there was preexisting antifungal therapy. Collected data included the time from blood culture collection to positivity (incubation period), the time from blood culture positivity to provider notification (provider notification period), and the time from provider notification to the first dose of antifungal given (antifungal initiation period). These times were assessed as predictors of inpatient mortality. A repeat analysis was done with adjustments for age, sex, race, underlying cancer, catheter removal, APACHE III score, acute renal failure, neutropenia, and non-Candida albicans species. A total of 106 episodes of candidemia were analyzed. The median incubation time was 32.1 h and was associated with mortality (univariate hazard ratio per hour, 1.025; P = 0.001). The median provider notification and antifungal initiation periods were 0.3 and 7.5 h, respectively, and were not associated with mortality. Adjusted analysis yielded similar results. For cancer patients with candidemia, the incubation period accounts for a significant amount of time, compared with the provider notification and antifungal initiation times, and is associated with in-hospital mortality. Strategies to shorten the incubation time, such as utilizing rapid molecularly based diagnostic methods, may help reduce in-hospital mortality.

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Comparative Study of Three Different BACTEC Culture Media for the Detection of Bacteremia in Ambulatory and Hospitalized Children

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1998/603898 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 77-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deirdre L Church ◽

H Dele Davies ◽

G Cadrain ◽

Cynthia L Trevenen

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Culture Media ◽

Optimal Recovery ◽

Pediatric Care ◽

Hospitalized Children ◽

Anaerobic Bottle ◽

The Common ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Group D

To compare the yield of two aerobic and an anaerobic BACTEC blood culture media in detecting bacteremia in ambulatory and hospitalized care settings at a children’s hospital, a prospective cohort study was completed. Over an 18-month period, equal blood volumes (minimum of 1 mL/bottle) were inoculated into a three-bottle culture set including aerobic BACTEC NR 6A, aerobic BACTEC PEDS Plus and anaerobic NR 7A broths. Chart reviews were completed on all children with bacteremia to determine whether the isolate was clinically significant based on predefined criteria. Among 5328 evaluable blood culture sets, 323 clinically significant organisms (110 from ambulatory and 213 from hospitalized children) were isolated. MostStreptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilusspecies, andNeisseriaorMoraxellaspecies were recovered from children attending the emergency department or out-patient clinics. Important isolates in hospitalized children included most of the staphylococci andEnterobacteriaceae, and all group D enterococci, Gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli and allCandidaspecies. Overall, significantly more isolates were detected only in the anaerobic bottle from ambulatory children (P<0.0001), including 13 of 54 (24%) patients withS pneumoniaebacteremias presenting to the emergency department. This study indicated that different BACTEC blood culture media combinations are needed in ambulatory and hospitalized pediatric care settings to ensure the optimal recovery of all types of isolates. Whereas aerobic blood culture bottles are adequate for detection of bacteremia in hospitalized children, the common occurrence of fastidious organisms mandates the need for a combined aerobic/anaerobic culture set in ambulatory pediatric care settings.

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The Addition of Anaerobic Blood Cultures for Pediatric Patients with Concerns for Bloodstream Infections: Prevalence and Time to Positive Cultures

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.01844-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer Dien Bard ◽

Todd P. Chang ◽

Rebecca Yee ◽

Keya Manshadi ◽

Nhan Lichtenfeld ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Culture ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

Pediatric Emergency ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Culture Positivity ◽

Blood Culture Positivity ◽

Anaerobic Bottle ◽

Clinically Significant

ABSTRACT Anaerobes are an important but uncommon cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs). For pediatric patients, routine inclusion of an anaerobic blood culture alongside the aerobic remains controversial. We implemented automatic anaerobic blood culture alongside aerobic blood cultures in a pediatric emergency department (ED) and sought to determine changes in recovery of obligate and facultative anaerobes. This was a cohort study in a pediatric ED (August 2015 to July 2018) that began in February 2017. Blood culture positivity results for true pathogens and contaminants were assessed, along with a secondary outcome of time to positivity (TTP) of blood culture. A total of 14,180 blood cultures (5,202 preimplementation and 8,978 postimplementation) were collected, with 8.8% (456) and 7.1% (635) positive cultures in the pre- and postimplementation phases, respectively. Of 635 positive cultures in the postimplementation phase, aerobic blood cultures recovered 7.6% (349/4,615), whereas anaerobic blood cultures recovered 6.6% (286/4,363). In 211/421 (50.0%) paired blood cultures, an organism was recovered in both cultures. The number of cases where organisms were only recovered from an aerobic or an anaerobic bottle in the paired cultures were 126 (30.0%) and 84 (20.0%), respectively. The TTP was comparable regardless of bottle type. Recovery of true pathogens from blood cultures was approximately 7 h faster than recovery of contaminants. Although inclusion of anaerobic blood cultures only recovered 2 (0.69%) obligate anaerobes, it did allow for recovery of clinically significant pathogens that were negative in aerobic blood cultures and supports the routine collection of both bottles in pediatric patients with a concern of bloodstream infections.

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