scholarly journals Serial Recombination during Circulation of Type 1 Wild-Vaccine Recombinant Polioviruses in China

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (20) ◽  
pp. 10994-11005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Mei Liu ◽  
Du-Ping Zheng ◽  
Li-Bi Zhang ◽  
M. Steven Oberste ◽  
Olen M. Kew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Recombinant ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Sequence Class ◽  
3D Sequence ◽  
Sequence Relationships ◽  
3D Sequences ◽  
3D Gene ◽  
Rapid Emergence ◽  
Complete Genomic

ABSTRACT Type 1 wild-vaccine recombinant polioviruses sharing a 367-nucleotide (nt) block of Sabin 1-derived sequence spanning the VP1 and 2A genes circulated widely in China from 1991 to 1993. We surveyed the sequence relationships among 34 wild-vaccine recombinants by comparing six genomic intervals: the conserved 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) (nt 186 to 639), the hypervariable portion of the 5′-UTR (nt 640 to 742), the VP4 and partial VP2 genes (nt 743 to 1176), the VP1 gene (nt 2480 to 3385), the 2A gene (nt 3386 to 3832), and the partial 3D gene (nt 6011 to 6544). The 5′-UTR, capsid (VP4-VP2 and VP1), and 2A sequence intervals had similar phylogenies. By contrast, the partial 3D sequences could be distributed into five divergent genetic classes. Most (25 of 34) of the wild-vaccine recombinant isolates showed no evidence of additional recombination beyond the initial wild-Sabin recombination event. Eight isolates from 1992 to 1993, however, appear to be derived from three independent additional recombination events, and one 1993 isolate was derived from two consecutive events. Complete genomic sequences of a representative isolate for each 3D sequence class demonstrated that these exchanges had occurred in the 2B, 2C, and 3D genes. The 3D gene sequences were not closely related to those of the Sabin strains or 53 diverse contemporary wild poliovirus isolates from China, but all were related to the 3D genes of species C enteroviruses. The appearance within approximately 2.5 years of five recombinant classes derived from a single ancestral infection illustrates the rapid emergence of new recombinants among circulating wild polioviruses.

scholarly journals Circulation of Type 1 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (24) ◽  
pp. 13512-13521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Shimizu ◽  
Bruce Thorley ◽  
Fem Julia Paladin ◽  
Kerri Anne Brussen ◽  
Vicki Stambos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Capsid Region ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Sequence Relationships ◽  
Highly Evolved ◽  
Healthy Contact ◽  
Complete Genomic

ABSTRACT In 2001, highly evolved type 1 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) was isolated from three acute flaccid paralysis patients and one contact from three separate communities in the Philippines. Complete genomic sequencing of these four cVDPV isolates revealed that the capsid region was derived from the Sabin 1 vaccine strain but most of the noncapsid region was derived from an unidentified enterovirus unrelated to the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) strains. The sequences of the cVDPV isolates were closely related to each other, and the isolates had a common recombination site. Most of the genetic and biological properties of the cVDPV isolates were indistinguishable from those of wild polioviruses. However, the most recently identified cVDPV isolate from a healthy contact retained the temperature sensitivity and partial attenuation phenotypes. The sequence relationships among the isolates and Sabin 1 suggested that cVDPV originated from an OPV dose given in 1998 to 1999 and that cVDPV circulated along a narrow chain of transmission. Type 1 cVDPV was last detected in the Philippines in September 2001, and population immunity to polio was raised by extensive OPV campaigns in late 2001 and early 2002.

scholarly journals Inferring Numbers of Wild Poliovirus Excretors Using Quantitative Environmental Surveillance

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 870
Author(s):  
Yuri Perepliotchikov ◽  
Tomer Ziv-Baran ◽  
Musa Hindiyeh ◽  
Yossi Manor ◽  
Danit Sofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Kinetic Information ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Response to and monitoring of viral outbreaks can be efficiently focused when rapid, quantitative, kinetic information provides the location and the number of infected individuals. Environmental surveillance traditionally provides information on location of populations with contagious, infected individuals since infectious poliovirus is excreted whether infections are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Here, we describe development of rapid (1 week turnaround time, TAT), quantitative RT-PCR of poliovirus RNA extracted directly from concentrated environmental surveillance samples to infer the number of infected individuals excreting poliovirus. The quantitation method was validated using data from vaccination with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV). The method was then applied to infer the weekly number of excreters in a large, sustained, asymptomatic outbreak of wild type 1 poliovirus in Israel (2013) in a population where >90% of the individuals received three doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Evidence-based intervention strategies were based on the short TAT for direct quantitative detection. Furthermore, a TAT shorter than the duration of poliovirus excretion allowed resampling of infected individuals. Finally, the method documented absence of infections after successful intervention of the asymptomatic outbreak. The methodologies described here can be applied to outbreaks of other excreted viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), where there are (1) significant numbers of asymptomatic infections; (2) long incubation times during which infectious virus is excreted; and (3) limited resources, facilities, and manpower that restrict the number of individuals who can be tested and re-tested.

scholarly journals Genomic Analyses of Potential Novel Recombinant Human Adenovirus C in Brazil

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Roozbeh Tahmasebi ◽  
Antonio Charlys da Costa ◽  
Kaelan Tardy ◽  
Rory J. Tinker ◽  
Flavio Augusto de Padua Milagres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Viral Metagenomics ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Fiber Proteins ◽  
Full Length Genome ◽  
Complete Genomic

Human Adenovirus species C (HAdV-C) is the most common etiologic agent of respiratory disease. In the present study, we characterized the nearly full-length genome of one potential new HAdV-C recombinant strain constituted by Penton and Fiber proteins belonging to type 89 and a chimeric Hexon protein of types 1 and 89. By using viral metagenomics techniques, we screened out, in the states of Tocantins and Pará, Northern and North regions of Brazil, from 2010 to 2016, 251 fecal samples of children between 0.5 to 2.5 years old. These children were presenting acute diarrhea not associated with common pathogens (i.e., rotavirus, norovirus). We identified two HAdV-C strains in two distinct patients. Phylogenetic analysis performed using all complete genomes available at GenBank database indicated that one strain (HAdV-C BR-245) belonged to type 1. The phylogenetic analysis also indicated that the second strain (HAdV-C BR-211) was located at the base of the clade formed by the newly HAdV-C strains type 89. Recombination analysis revealed that strain HAdV-C BR-211 is a chimera in which the variable regions of Hexon gene combined HAdV-C1 and HAdV-C89 sequences. Therefore, HAdV-C BR-211 strain possesses a genomic backbone of type HAdV-C89 and a unique insertion of HAdV-C1 in the Hexon sequence. Recombination may play an important driving force in HAdV-C diversity and evolution. Studies employing complete genomic sequencing on circulating HAdV-C strains in Brazil are needed to understand the clinical significance of the presented data.

scholarly journals Calibration of Multiple Poliovirus Molecular Clocks Covering an Extended Evolutionary Range

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 4429-4440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Jorba ◽  
Ray Campagnoli ◽  
Lina De ◽  
Olen Kew
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Capsid Region ◽  
Synonymous Substitutions ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Nonsynonymous Substitutions ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Codon Positions

ABSTRACT We have calibrated five different molecular clocks for circulating poliovirus based upon the rates of fixation of total substitutions (K t ), synonymous substitutions (K s ), synonymous transitions (A s ), synonymous transversions (B s ), and nonsynonymous substitutions (K a ) into the P1/capsid region (2,643 nucleotides). Rates were determined over a 10-year period by analysis of sequences of 31 wild poliovirus type 1 isolates representing a well-defined phylogeny derived from a common imported ancestor. Similar rates were obtained by linear regression, the maximum likelihood/single-rate dated-tip method, and Bayesian inference. The very rapid K t [(1.03 ± 0.10) × 10−2 substitutions/site/year] and K s [(1.00 ± 0.08) × 10−2] clocks were driven primarily by the A s clock [(0.96 ± 0.09) × 10−2], the B s clock was ∼10-fold slower [(0.10 ± 0.03) × 10−2], and the more stochastic K a clock was ∼30-fold slower [(0.03 ± 0.01) × 10−2]. Nonsynonymous substitutions at all P1/capsid sites, including the neutralizing antigenic sites, appeared to be constrained by purifying selection. Simulation of the evolution of third-codon positions suggested that saturation of synonymous transitions would be evident at 10 years and complete at ∼65 years of independent transmission. Saturation of synonymous transversions was predicted to be minimal at 20 years and incomplete at 100 years. The rapid evolution of the K t , K s , and A s clocks can be used to estimate the dates of divergence of closely related viruses, whereas the slower B s and K a clocks may be used to explore deeper evolutionary relationships within and across poliovirus genotypes.

scholarly journals Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of Wild Type 1 Poliovirus Causing Outbreaks of Poliomyelitis in Albania and Neighboring Countries in 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1912-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Fiore ◽  
D. Genovese ◽  
E. Diamanti ◽  
S. Catone ◽  
B. Ridolfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Human Sera

Mass vaccination has led poliomyelitis to become a rare disease in a large part of the world, including Western Europe. However, in the past 20 years wild polioviruses imported from countries where polio is endemic have been responsible for outbreaks in otherwise polio-free European countries. We report on the characterization of poliovirus isolates from a large outbreak of poliomyelitis that occurred in Albania in 1996 and that also spread to the neighboring countries of Yugoslavia and Greece. The epidemics involved 145 subjects, mostly young adults, and caused persisting paralysis in 87 individuals and 16 deaths. The agent responsible for the outbreak was isolated from 74 patients and was identified as wild type 1 poliovirus by both immunological and molecular methods. Sequence analysis of the genome demonstrated the involvement of a single virus strain throughout the epidemics, and genotyping analysis showed 95% homology of the strain with a wild type 1 poliovirus strain isolated in Pakistan in 1995. Neutralization assays with both human sera and monoclonal antibodies were performed to analyze the antigenic structure of the epidemic strain, suggesting its peculiar antigenic characteristics. The presented data underline the current risks of outbreaks due to imported wild poliovirus and emphasize the need to improve vaccination efforts and also the need to implement surveillance in countries free of indigenous wild poliovirus.

scholarly journals Controlling polio outbreak due to imported wild poliovirus in Indonesia: A success story

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumarmo Poorwo Soedarmo ◽  
Sidik Utoro
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Success Story ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
First Case ◽  
Supplementary Immunization Activities ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Outbreak Response Immunization

Background As a WHO member state, Indonesia is committed toGlobal Polio Eradication. The last indigenous polio case was found in 1995. However, we faced a big challenge with the occurrence of polio outbreak, beginning with a polio case caused by imported wild poliovirus (WPV) type 1 in Sukabumi in 2005. The virus was originated from Sudan and imported to Indonesia through Saudi Arabia. The outbreak ended with totally 305 cases throughout the country. The last one occurred on 20 February 2006 in Aceh Tenggara District, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province. In addition and separated from the WPV type 1 outbreak, in August 2005, four Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) cases with type 1 Vaccine Derived Poliovirus (VDPV) in stool samples were identified in Madura, East Java Province. The first case was on 9 June 2005 and ended with 45 cases in Madura and another case in Probolinggo District, East Jawa.Objective To report a success of controlling outbreak of importedWPV in Indonesia.Methods Outbreak Response Immunization (ORI) and mopup immunization were conducted immediately. To completelystop the transmission, three rounds of National ImmunizationDays (NIDs) were conducted in 2005 (August, September, andNovember). Some more Supplementary Immunization Activities(SIAs) were conducted in 2006 (mop up in January, NIDs inFebruary and early April, mop ups in June and August 2006).For the VDPV outbreak, ORI of 18,880 children in 83 villagestook place during the first week of August, beside three roundsofNIDs in 2005.Results All activities resulted in satisfactorily coverage, whereeach round always exceeded 95%.Conclusions Those activities were conducted successfully andproven to be effective to stop the outbreak. Then again, Indonesia can be a polio free country in the coming years.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of Oral Polio Vaccine and Salk Inactive Polio Vaccine Against Xinjiang Imported Type 1 Wild Poliovirus

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1980-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Yan ◽  
Dongyan Wang ◽  
Shuangli Zhu ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Xiaolei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Titers

Abstract Background An outbreak of an imported Type 1 wild poliovirus from Pakistan occurred in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in 2011, although the local immunity status of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) was relatively satisfied. Methods Neutralizing antibody titers against the Xinjiang strain and Sabin 1 strain were measured in 237 sera from 3 groups of fully OPV-vaccinated persons and 1 group of infants fully vaccinated with the inactive polio vaccine (IPV). Additionally, 17 sera collected from 1 Xinjiang poliomyelitis case and his 16 contacts were also tested. Genomic sequencing was conducted the Xinjiang strain. Results The antibody titers against the Xinjiang strain in each of 237 sera were significantly lower than those against the Sabin 1 strain. Notably, 40.0% of children in Group 1 were seronegative against the Xinjiang strain, which indicated that they might play an important role in wild poliovirus transmission, although their antibody titers against the Sabin 1 strain varied between 1:8 and 1:512. Meanwhile, serological results of the Xinjiang poliomyelitis case and his contacts also provided evidence that a proportion of OPV-vaccinated children had indeed been involved in the transmission chain of the Xinjiang outbreak. Genomic sequencing indicated that the Xinjiang strain was greatly distinguishable from the Sabin 1 strain in neutralizing antigenic sites. Conclusion The lack of neutralizing antibodies against the Xinjiang strain in persons vaccinated by OPV may be associated with the transmission of Type 1 wild poliovirus in Xinjiang. Using Salk IPV along with OPV might be considered in a wild poliovirus outbreak response, especially in the countries which continued to have persistent wild poliovirus circulation.

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