Direct Evidence for Natural Transmission of Small-Ruminant Lentiviruses of Subtype A4 from Goats to Sheep and Vice Versa

ABSTRACT Small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), which include the caprine arthritis-encephalitis and the maedi-visna virus, cause persistent inflammatory infections in goats and sheep. SRLV are mainly transmitted from mother to offspring through milk. Transmission after prolonged contact between adult animals has also been observed. The observation that certain SRLV subtypes are found in both goats and sheep suggests that interspecies transmission has occurred on several occasions in the past. We investigated seropositive goats and sheep that were kept together in small mixed herds. Phylogenetic analysis of long proviral sequences in gag and pol, combined with epidemiologic information, demonstrated natural sheep-to-goat transmission of the recently identified SRLV subtype A4 in two instances and goat-to-sheep transmission of the same subtype in one instance. In a further mixed cluster, the direction of the interspecies transmission could not be determined. These findings present for the first time direct evidence that natural interspecies transmission of SRLV is ongoing in both directions. The findings are of relevance to virus eradication programs in both species.

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Field evaluation of a gag/env heteroduplex mobility assay for genetic subtyping of small-ruminant lentiviruses

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.2008/000851-0 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 89 (8) ◽

pp. 2020-2028 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Karine Germain ◽

Benoit Croise ◽

Stephen Valas

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Small Ruminant ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Dual Infection ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Coding Region ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Heteroduplex Mobility Assay ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) display a high genetic diversity and are currently classified into five genotypes and an increasing number of subtypes. The co-circulation of subtypes in restricted geographical regions, combined with the occurrence of cross-species infection, suggests the need for development of a large-scale screening methodology for rapid monitoring of the prevalence of the various genetic subtypes and their genetic evolution. Here, a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) was developed for the rapid identification of group B subtypes. The assay was validated for both the p14 nucleocapsid-coding region of the gag gene and the V1–V2 region of the env gene using a panel of reference standards and was applied to the genetic subtyping of SRLV field isolates from five mixed flocks in France. Subtyping of 75 blood samples using the env HMA revealed a preferential distribution of subtypes B1 and B2 in sheep and goats, despite direct evidence for interspecies transmission of both subtypes. Adding the gag HMA to the env HMA provided evidence for dual infection and putative recombination between subtypes B1 and B2 in five goats, and between groups A and B in one sheep. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 100 % (23/23) and 96.7 % (30/31) of samples were correctly classified using the gag and env HMAs, respectively. These results indicate that dual infection and recombination may be a significant source of new variation in SRLV and provide a useful tool for the rapid genetic subtyping of SRLV isolates, which could be relevant for the development of more accurate diagnosis of prevalent SRLV strains in different countries.

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Small ruminant lentiviruses: economic and productive losses, consequences of the disease

Arquivos do Instituto Biológico ◽

10.1590/1808-1657000552016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 84 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Dalva Alana Aragão de Azevedo ◽

Vanderlan Warlington Souza dos Santos ◽

Ana Lídia Madeira de Sousa ◽

Renato Mesquita Peixoto ◽

Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Technical Assistance ◽

Small Ruminant ◽

Trade Barriers ◽

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽

Visna Virus ◽

Dairy Animals ◽

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT: Small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and Maedi-Visna virus cause diseases that result in significant productive losses, mostly in dairy animals. These viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus, and constitute a heterogeneous group, which may generate implications for the diagnosis and control of small ruminant lentiviruses. Losses caused by them are associated with reproductive failure, short productive life, and decreased milk production by the infected animals. In addition, these viruses may reduce milk quality, affecting the production of dairy products such as cheese. Small ruminant lentiviruses lead to indirect losses, decreasing herd value and forcing the development of epidemiological trade barriers for animal germplasm. Control of small ruminant lentiviruses is important to promote optimal milk production and to reduce costs with medicine and technical assistance. This control may vary in caprine and ovine populations of each country, according to seroprevalence, variety of breeds, and peculiarities of the practiced management.

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PREVALENCE OF SMALL RUMINANT LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS IN SHEEP AND GOATS IN SOME REGIONS OF VOJVODINA PROVINCE

Archives of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.46784/e-avm.v13i1.53 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 29-40

Author(s):

Sara Savic ◽

Marina Žekić Stošić ◽

Dejan Bugarski ◽

Doroteja Marčić ◽

Aleksandar Milovanović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Ruminant ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Total Serum ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Serological Method ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Visna Virus ◽

Study Results

Small Ruminant Lentivirus causes a chronic lifelong, multisystemic diseases in sheep and goats with or without clinical manifestation. Maedi-visna virus (MVV) and Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) are often considered together as small ruminants lentivirus (SRLV) due to their phylogenetic correlation and the interspecies transmission between sheep and goats. During the period of four years, from 2015-2018, an annual monitoring was done on male animals (rams and bucks) used for breeding, for determination of antibodies against SRLV with ELISA serological method. In total, serum samples from 6732 animals were analyzed. During the study period, seroprevalence for small ruminant lentivirus has rised from 4,17% to 16,21%, with an overall value of 12% for the whole period. Over the years seroprevalence has been changing with increasing tendency. The highest seroprevalence in rams was in 2018, when the largest number of samples was examined. In bucks, the highest number of positive samples was found in 2015. From 2014 until 2018, the overall seroprevalence in rams and bucks has increased significantly. From the study results it can be seen that annual monitoring program is very important and has to be held in the future in order to have the disease under control. The program helps in rising the awareness and knowledge of the owners about SRLV and the importance of breeding seronegative animals.

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Wharton's jelly cells from sheep umbilical cord maintained with different culture media are permissive to in vitro infection by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-9008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 1292-1300 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.P. Dias ◽

R.R. Pinheiro ◽

A. Andrioli ◽

A.C. Farias ◽

A.L.M. Sousa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Umbilical Cord ◽

Small Ruminant ◽

Culture Media ◽

Wharton’S Jelly ◽

Wharton's Jelly ◽

Healthy Sheep ◽

Low Glucose ◽

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses ◽

First Time

ABSTRACT This study aimed to isolate cells from the Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord (WJUC) of sheep collected during natural parturition using different culture media, in addition to reporting for the first time the permissiveness of these cells to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentiviruses. Ten umbilical cords were collected from healthy sheep. Each cord explants were grown in different media consisting of MEM, low glucose DMEM, M199, and RPMI-1640. The permissiveness of infection of sheep cells from WJUC was tested with CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 strains, inoculating 0.1 MOI of each viral strain. Four supernatants from each strain were obtained from WJUC sheep cell cultures infected in different media. The results demonstrated the presence of cytopathic effect after the in vitro infection by CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 with all of the tested culture media. Nested-PCR detected proviral DNA in all supernatants. Supernatants containing CAEV-Cork viruses had TCID50/ml titres of 105.5 in MEM, 104.0 in low glucose DMEM, 105.0 in M199, and 105.7 in RPMI-1640. Supernatants containing the MVV-K1514 virus had TCID50/ml titres of 104.3 in MEM, 103.5 in low-glucose DMEM, 104.7 in M199, and 103.5 in RPMI-1640. Sheep cells from WJUC are permissive to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentivirus.

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Worldwide Prevalence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030784 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 784

Author(s):

Ricardo de Miguel ◽

Marta Arrieta ◽

Ana Rodríguez-Largo ◽

Irache Echeverría ◽

Raúl Resendiz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Small Ruminant ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Gold Standard Method ◽

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are highly prevalent retroviruses with significant genetic diversity and antigenic heterogeneity that cause a progressive wasting disease of sheep called Maedi-visna. This work provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 40 years (1981–2020) of scientific publications on SRLV individual and flock prevalence. Fifty-eight publications and 314 studies were included. Most articles used a single diagnostic test to estimate prevalence (77.6%), whereas articles using three or more tests were scarce (6.9%). Serological tests are more frequently used than direct methods and ELISA has progressively replaced AGID over the last decades. SRLV infection in sheep is widespread across the world, with Europe showing the highest individual prevalence (40.9%) and being the geographical area in which most studies have been performed. Africa, Asia, and North America show values between 16.7% to 21.8% at the individual level. South and Central America show the lowest individual SRLV prevalence (1.7%). There was a strong positive correlation between individual and flock prevalence (ρ = 0.728; p ≤ 0.001). Despite the global importance of small ruminants, the coverage of knowledge on SRLV prevalence is patchy and inconsistent. There is a lack of a gold standard method and a defined sampling strategy among countries and continents.

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The Origins of Domestic Sheep and Goats: a Reconsideration in the Light of the Fossil Evidence

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society ◽

10.1017/s0079497x00013943 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 368-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sebastian Payne

Keyword(s):

Direct Evidence ◽

Present Situation ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

The Other ◽

Domestic Sheep ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Animal Domestication ◽

The Past ◽

The One ◽

And Control

In recent discussions of the origins and process of animal domestication (Reed, 1961, Zeuner, 1963), both authors rely on two kinds of evidence: on the one hand, the present distributions and characteristics of the different breeds of whatever animal is being discussed, together with its feral and wild relatives, and, on the other hand, the past record, given by literary and pictorial sources and the bones from archaeological and geological sites. Increased recognition of the limitations of the past record, whether in the accuracy of the information it appears to give (as in the case of pictorial sources), or in the certainty of the deductions we are at present capable of drawing from it (this applies especially to the osteological record), has led these authors to argue mainly from the present situation, using the past record to confirm or amplify the existing picture.Arguing from the present, many hypotheses about the origins and process of domestication are available. The only test we have, when attempting to choose between these, lies in the direct evidence of the past record. The past record, it is freely admitted, is very fragmentary: the information provided by the present situation is more exact, ranges over a much wider field, and is more open to test and control. Nevertheless, the past record, however imperfect it is, is the only direct evidence we have about the process of domestication.

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FC14-01 - Internal losses and the creation of “Nowhere land”: psychodynamic themes of adults with ADHD discovered during drama-therapy

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73597-0 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 1893-1893

Author(s):

I. Manor ◽

G. Yazpan

Keyword(s):

Drama Therapy ◽

Transitional Space ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Past ◽

Chronic Disorder ◽

Pharmacological Aspect ◽

Inner Self ◽

Socioeconomic Strata ◽

The Creation ◽

First Time

ADHD is a well-known, chronic disorder that persists in adulthood. During the past 20 years its existence in adults is becoming clearer, yet its dynamic aspects are rarely discussed. The treatment of adults is vital, as much as that of children; however the literature discussing it, especially its non-pharmacological aspect, is scarce.We describe the results of our treatment with drama-therapy of two groups of adults with ADHD. These groups included 11 adults (from both groups), men and women, from most socioeconomic strata, aged ≥ 60 yrs., who were diagnosed as suffering from ADHD and were treated for it for the first time in their life. Drama-therapy was selected as we believed it to be a useful method with associative, distracted ADHD patients, since it enabled the use of transitional space through non-verbal images and acts.This presentation discusses the basic themes with which patients began therapy. Interestingly, all patients, however different, shared the same themes that were built on self doubt and the pre-presumption of disappointment. The impairment related to ADHD, that was felt, but not understood, led to a strong experience of heavy losses, which we tried to define separately: of a clear path, of control, of the inner perception of borders and of the loss of an integrative inner self. All these losses were accumulated in the transitional space in a place we named “Nowhere land”.We would like to present these themes of losses and of becoming lost and to discuss their meaning.

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BRAZILIAN BISHOP OUTLINES "A PASTORAL STRATEGY IN TIMES OF REVOLUTION"

Exchange ◽

10.1163/157254382x00030 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 48-57

Keyword(s):

Northeast Brazil ◽

Profound Change ◽

Christian Communities ◽

The Past ◽

First Time

AbstractMons. Antonio Batista Fragoso has been bishop of Crateus in Northeast Brazil for the past ten years. Eighty percent of the 360,000 people in his diocese are impoverished peasants who engage in rudimentary farming. At least half of the peasants are landless. It is among these people that Bishop Fragoso has encouraged the formation of small grassroots Christian communities that are responsible for a profound change in the patterns of Christian living in his diocese. The following is LP's translation of excerpts from a talk that Bishop Fragoso gave to his fellow bishops and priests in Managua in October, 1980. This is the first time it has appeared in English. (Editor Latinamerica Press)

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Virus Eradication and Synthetic Biology: Changes with SARS-CoV-2?

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13040569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 569

Author(s):

Jean-Nicolas Tournier ◽

Joseph Kononchik

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Synthetic Biology ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Virus Eradication ◽

Disease Eradication ◽

The Public ◽

The Past ◽

The World ◽

Significant Effort

The eradication of infectious diseases has been achieved only once in history, in 1980, with smallpox. Since 1988, significant effort has been made to eliminate poliomyelitis viruses, but eradication is still just out of reach. As the goal of viral disease eradication approaches, the ability to recreate historically eradicated viruses using synthetic biology has the potential to jeopardize the long-term sustainability of eradication. However, the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 pandemic has highlighted our ability to swiftly and resolutely respond to a potential outbreak. This virus has been synthetized faster than any other in the past and is resulting in vaccines before most attenuated candidates reach clinical trials. Here, synthetic biology has the opportunity to demonstrate its truest potential to the public and solidify a footing in the world of vaccines.

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