Quantifying the Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle via a Contaminated Environment

ABSTRACT Indirect transmission via a contaminated environment can occur for a number of pathogens, even those typically thought of as being directly transmitted, such as influenza virus, norovirus, bovine tuberculosis, or foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Indirect transmission facilitates spread from multiple sources beyond the infectious host, complicating the epidemiology and control of these diseases. This study carried out a series of transmission experiments to determine the dose-response relationship between environmental contamination and transmission of FMDV in cattle from measurements of viral shedding and rates of environmental contamination and survival. Seven out of ten indirect exposures resulted in successful transmission. The basic reproduction number for environmental transmission of FMDV in this experimental setting was estimated at 1.65, indicating that environmental transmission alone could sustain an outbreak. Importantly, detection of virus in the environment prior to the appearance of clinical signs in infected cattle and successful transmission from these environments highlights there is a risk of environmental transmission even before foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is clinically apparent in cattle. Estimated viral decay rates suggest that FMDV remained viable in this environment for up to 14 days, emphasizing the requirement for stringent biosecurity procedures following outbreaks of FMD and the design of control measures that reflect the biology of a pathogen. IMPORTANCE Effective control of a disease relies on comprehensive understanding of how transmission occurs, in order to design and apply effective control measures. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is primarily spread by direct contact between infected and naive individuals, although the high levels of virus shed by infected animals mean that virus can also be spread through contact with contaminated environments. Using a series of transmission experiments, we demonstrate that environmental transmission alone would be sufficient to sustain an outbreak. Key observations include that a risk of transmission exists before clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are apparent in cattle and that survival of virus in the environment extends the transmission risk period. This study highlights the role a contaminated environment can play in the transmission of FMDV and presents approaches that can also be applied to study the transmission of other pathogens that are able to survive in the environment.

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O, East African Topotype 3 (EA-3) in a pastoral herd in Kaduna state, Nigeria

Journal of Sustainable Veterinary and Allied Sciences ◽

10.54328/covm/josvas.2021.010 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 93-95

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Effective Control ◽

East African ◽

Serotype O ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Virus Serotype ◽

Foot And Mouth

A case of foot and mouth disease involving an uncommon serotype of the Foot and Mouth disease virus (FMDV) is reported in a 6-year-old Bunaji bull from a pastoralist herd in Tohu, Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Clinical examination revealed erosions in the inter-digital spaces, dorsum and ventrum of the tongue and raised hair coat. The epithelial lining of the lesions on the foot and mouth were gently peeled off and used as samples for diagnosis. A confirmatory diagnosis of FMDV serotype O strain was done by virus isolation using Bovine thyroid gland primary cell line, antigen ELISA for FMD virus, while a phylogenetic analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences revealed East African topotype 3 (EA-3). Presenting lesions in the interdigital space were cleaned with cotton wool soaked in a solution of 5% chlorhexidine and then sprayed with Oxyspray® after which Tetranor® long acting antibiotic was administered through deep intramuscular route at 20mg/kg body weight. The diagnosis of relatively alien topotype of FMDV in Nigeria calls for a holistic epidemiological survey of all the serotypes and topotypes present in the country in order to plan for effective control measures. Keywords: Bunaji bull, FMD, Nigeria, Serotype O, Topotype EA-3

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Differences in the susceptibility of dromedary and Bactrian camels to foot-and-mouth disease virus

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268808001088 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 137 (4) ◽

pp. 549-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. LARSKA ◽

U. WERNERY ◽

J. KINNE ◽

R. SCHUSTER ◽

G. ALEXANDERSEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Type A ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Dromedary Camels ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Bactrian Camels ◽

Fmdv Type

SUMMARYIn this study, two sheep, eight dromedary camels and two Bactrian camels were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type A SAU 22/92. Five naive dromedary camels and four sheep were kept in direct or indirect contact with the inoculated camels. The inoculated sheep, which served as positive controls, displayed typical moderate clinical signs of FMD and developed viraemia and high antibody titres. The presence of the virus was also detected in probang and mouth-swab samples for several days after inoculation. In contrast, the inoculated dromedary camels were not susceptible to FMDV type A infection. None of them showed clinical signs of FMD or developed viraemia or specific anti-FMDV antibodies despite the high dose of virus inoculated. All the contact sheep and contact dromedaries that were kept together with the inoculated camels remained virus-negative and did not seroconvert when tested up to 28 days post-inoculation (p.i.). In comparison with the non-susceptible dromedaries, the two inoculated Bactrian camels showed moderate to severe clinical signs of FMD; however, the clinical signs of FMD appeared rather late, between 8 and 14 days p.i., compared to the inoculated sheep. Characteristic FMD lesions in the Bactrian camels, accompanied with severe lameness, were only observed on the hind feet. The presence of the virus in the serum samples of both Bactrian camels was detected by real-time RT–PCR in one of the animals on days 3 and 7 p.i. and in the second animal from days 1 to 3 p.i. and subsequently again on day 21 p.i. The Bactrian camels developed high titres of antibodies to the inoculated FMDV which appeared at 7–10 days p.i. and lasted up to 130 days p.i. Only low and transient amounts of FMDV were detected in the mouth-swab and probang samples collected from both Bactrian camels.

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Molecular detection, phylogenetic analysis and genetic diversity of recently isolated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A African topotype, Genotype IV

Virology Journal ◽

10.1186/s12985-021-01693-y ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ayah M. Hassan ◽

Mostafa R. Zaher ◽

Rabab T. Hassanien ◽

Mervat I. Abd-El-Moniem ◽

Ahmed R. Habashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Emerging Diseases ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Serotype A ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Virus Serotype ◽

Foot And Mouth

Abstract Background Surveillance for circulating emerging diseases of economic importance has a major role in the rapid response to major pathogen outbreaks. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the significant endemic viruses in Egypt. FMDV is periodically investigated for monitoring evolution and emergence of new variants. The genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype A responsible for recent outbreaks of FMD in Egypt was determined. Methods Samples were collected from different locations and virus isolation was performed using BHK-21 cells. Viral RNA was extracted and samples were screened for FMDV using real-time RT-PCR. DNA sequence analysis was performed and computational and bioinformatics analyses were used to determine the substitution rates and phylogenetic relationship. Results Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of full-length 1D region of FMDV samples collected from different governorates in 2020 showed close similarity to Egyptian FMDV strains from serotype A-African topotype-G-IV with genetic variation of 6.5%. Recently isolated FMDV strains showed high genetic variations from locally used vaccine strains in the major antigenic sites of VP1 region. Conclusions Although, efforts made by the veterinary authorities to implement an effective mass vaccination plan, the recently detected FMDV strains in this study could not be subtyped using the FMDV primers routinely used for molecular serotyping. These dissimilarities raise the alarm for reconsideration of the FMDV isolates used in vaccine manufacture. Clearly close monitoring of FMD in Egypt is urgently required to define the risks of future outbreaks and to ensure appropriate control measures against FMD major outbreaks.

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Virus–Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.571509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Kangli Li ◽

Congcong Wang ◽

Fan Yang ◽

Weijun Cao ◽

Zixiang Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Host Interactions ◽

Indirect Transmission ◽

Antiviral Responses ◽

Host Machine ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.

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Growth of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the upper respiratory tract of non-immunized, vaccinated, and recovered cattle after intranasal inoculation

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400055406 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 467-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

J. W. McVicar ◽

P. Sutmoller

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Virus Growth ◽

Intranasal Inoculation ◽

Homologous Virus ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

SUMMARY‘Mention of a trademark or a proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.’Non-immunized, vaccinated, and recovered cattle were inoculated intranasally with various doses of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Samples of oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid were taken periodically for up to 7 days after inoculation and virus titres of these samples were plotted as pharyngeal virus growth curves.In non-immunized cattle, the length of the lag period and of the growth period were inversely proportional to the dose of virus given. Maximum titres were observed when clinical signs were first detected. Three of the 10 cattle studied had virus growth rates that were lower than rates of others given the same dose of virus, and clinical signs appeared later than expected in these three cattle.Cattle vaccinated with an inactivated virus oil-adjuvant vaccine had pharyngeal virus growth curves that were similar to those obtained from non-immunized cattle for 30 h. after inoculation. Titres of virus in OP fluid samples taken 2–7 days after inoculation were substantially lower in cattle with a high pre-exposure serum mouse protection index than titres from partly-immunized or non-immunized cattle.Nine of 14 recovered cattle had detectable but reduced virus growth after intranasal inoculation with homologous virus. Five recovered cattle inoculated with heterologous virus reacted similarly to non-immunized animals.

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Transgenic shRNA pigs reduce susceptibility to foot and mouth disease virus infection

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.06951 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Shengwei Hu ◽

Jun Qiao ◽

Qiang Fu ◽

Chuangfu Chen ◽

Wei Ni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Interfering Rna

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an economically devastating viral disease leading to a substantial loss to the swine industry worldwide. A novel alternative strategy is to develop pigs that are genetically resistant to infection. Here, we produce transgenic (TG) pigs that constitutively expressed FMDV-specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) derived from small hairpin RNA (shRNA). In vitro challenge of TG fibroblasts showed the shRNA suppressed viral growth. TG and non-TG pigs were challenged by intramuscular injection with 100 LD50 of FMDV. High fever, severe clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease and typical histopathological changes were observed in all of the non-TG pigs but in none of the high-siRNA pigs. Our results show that TG shRNA can provide a viable tool for producing animals with enhanced resistance to FMDV.

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The growth and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the bovine mammary gland

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400021537 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 307-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

R. Burrows ◽

J. A. Mann ◽

A. Greig ◽

W. G. Chapman ◽

D. Goodridge

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Virus Multiplication ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Mammary Tissue ◽

Indirect Contact ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYIn animals exposed to foot-and-mouth disease virus by indirect contact, virus was recovered from the blood, milk, pharynx, vagina and rectum for variable periods of time before clinical disease was apparent. Virus instilled into the mammary gland multiplied rapidly and virus concentrations greater than 107 p.f.u./ml. were recorded within 8–32 hr., depending on the virus strain and dose inoculated. Virus multiplication was accompanied by clinical signs of mastitis but the classical signs of foot-and-mouth disease did not appear for 52–117 hr. Dissemination of virus from the mammary gland occurred within 4–24 hr. and in some animals samples taken from the pharynx, mouth, nose and vagina contained virus for periods up to 97 hr. before the appearance of vesicular lesions. Virus production in the udder declined with the appearance of virus neutralizing activity in the blood and the milk but persisted in some animals for periods of 3–7 weeks. The ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus to persist in mammary tissue was confirmed by the demonstration of virus multiplication in the udders of immune animals.

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Genome Sequences of Seven Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Isolates Reveal Diversity in the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 Lineage in India between 1997 and 2009

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.00287-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (16) ◽

Author(s):

Miranda R. Bertram ◽

Rachel M. Palinski ◽

Steven J. Pauszek ◽

Ethan J. Hartwig ◽

George R. Smoliga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Genome Sequences ◽

Fmd Virus ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Virus Isolates

We report the genome sequences of seven foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) isolates collected in India between 1997 and 2009. The strains represented four sublineages within the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage. These viruses provide insights into FMDV diversity and evolution in India and may influence future control measures, including vaccine selections.

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Enhanced Mucosal Immunoglobulin A Response and Solid Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Challenge Induced by a Novel Dendrimeric Peptide

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00401-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 82 (14) ◽

pp. 7223-7230 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Carolina Cubillos ◽

Beatriz G. de la Torre ◽

Annamaria Jakab ◽

Giorgia Clementi ◽

Eva Borrás ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Cell Epitope ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Potential Marker ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT The successful use of a dendrimeric peptide to protect pigs against challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which causes the most devastating animal disease worldwide, is described. Animals were immunized intramuscularly with a peptide containing one copy of a FMDV T-cell epitope and branching out into four copies of a B-cell epitope. The four immunized pigs did not develop significant clinical signs upon FMDV challenge, neither systemic nor mucosal FMDV replication, nor was its transmission to contact control pigs observed. The dendrimeric construction specifically induced high titers of FMDV-neutralizing antibodies and activated FMDV-specific T cells. Interestingly, a potent anti-FMDV immunoglobulin A response (local and systemic) was observed, despite the parenteral administration of the peptide. On the other hand, peptide-immunized animals showed no antibodies specific of FMDV infection, which qualifies the peptide as a potential marker vaccine. Overall, the dendrimeric peptide used elicited an immune response comparable to that found for control FMDV-infected pigs that correlated with a solid protection against FMDV challenge. Dendrimeric designs of this type may hold substantial promise for peptide subunit vaccine development.

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shRNA transgenic swine display resistance to infection with the foot-and-mouth disease virus

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95853-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wenping Hu ◽

Haixue Zheng ◽

Qiuyan Li ◽

Yuhang Wang ◽

Xiangtao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Animal Pathogens ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Transgenic Cells

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most important animal pathogens in the world. FMDV naturally infects swine, cattle, and other cloven-hoofed animals. FMD is not adequately controlled by vaccination. An alternative strategy is to develop swine that are genetically resistant to infection. Here, we generated FMDV-specific shRNA transgenic cells targeting either nonstructural protein 2B or polymerase 3D of FMDV. The shRNA-positive transgenic cells displayed significantly lower viral production than that of the control cells after infection with FMDV (P < 0.05). Twenty-three transgenic cloned swine (TGCS) and nine non-transgenic cloned swine (Non-TGCS) were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In the FMDV challenge study, one TGCS was completely protected, no clinical signs, no viremia and no viral RNA in the tissues, no non-structural antibody response, another one TGCS swine recovered after showing clinical signs for two days, whereas all of the normal control swine (NS) and Non-TGCS developed typical clinical signs, viremia and viral RNA was determined in the tissues, the non-structural antibody was determined, and one Non-TGCS swine died. The viral RNA load in the blood and tissues of the TGCS was reduced in both challenge doses. These results indicated that the TGCS displayed resistance to the FMDV infection. Immune cells, including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD21+, and CD172+ cells, and the production of IFN-γ were analyzed, there were no significant differences observed between the TGCS and NS or Non-TGCS, suggesting that the FMDV resistance may be mainly derived from the RNAi-based antiviral pathway. Our work provides a foundation for a breeding approach to preventing infectious disease in swine.

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