scholarly journals Hidden Viral Sequences in Public Sequencing Data and Warning for Future Emerging Diseases

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junna Kawasaki ◽  
Shohei Kojima ◽  
Keizo Tomonaga ◽  
Masayuki Horie
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases ◽  
Viral Sequences ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

Monitoring the spread of viral infections and identifying novel viruses capable of infecting humans through animal reservoirs are necessary to control emerging viral diseases. Massive amounts of sequencing data collected from various animals are publicly available, and these data may contain sequences originating from a wide variety of viruses.

scholarly journals Hidden viral sequences in public sequencing data and warning for future emerging diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junna Kawasaki ◽  
Shohei Kojima ◽  
Keizo Tomonaga ◽  
Masayuki Horie
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Virus Identification ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Viral Infectious Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Viral Sequences

RNA viruses cause numerous emerging diseases, mostly due to transmission from mammalian and avian reservoirs. Large-scale surveillance of RNA viral infections in these animals is a fundamental step for controlling viral infectious diseases. Metagenomic analysis is a powerful method for virus identification with low bias and has substantially contributed to the discovery of novel viruses. Deep sequencing data have been accumulated in public databases in recent decades; however, only a small number of them have been examined for viral infections. Here, we screened for infections of 33 RNA viral families in publicly available mammalian and avian RNA-seq data and found over 900 hidden viral infections. We also discovered viral sequences in livestock, wild, and experimental animals: hepatovirus in a goat, hepeviruses in blind mole-rats and a galago, astrovirus in macaque monkeys, parechovirus in a cow, pegivirus in tree shrews, and seadornavirus in rats. Some of these viruses were phylogenetically close to human pathogenic viruses, suggesting the potential risk of causing disease in humans upon infection. Furthermore, the infections of five novel viruses were identified in several different individuals, indicating that their infections may have already spread in the natural host population. Our findings demonstrate the reusability of public sequencing data for surveying viral infections and identifying novel viral sequences, presenting a warning about a new threat of viral infectious disease to public health.

Emerging viral diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 020-027
Author(s):  
Angel San Miguel Hernández ◽  
María San Miguel Rodríguez ◽  
Angel San Miguel Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
Virus Model ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

Emerging viral diseases encompass two types, those of new appearance in the population and those that we previously knew about or re-emerging, but that at a certain moment present an exponential increase in incidence or geographic distribution in the form of epidemics or outbreaks. These emerging and re-emerging viruses share a series of characteristics that establish the emerging virus model, such as having an RNA genome, being zoonotic, transmitted by vectors and transmissible to humans, that the virus is able to recognize and provoke a response in receptors. Conserved in several species and inhabiting ecosystems that undergo ecological, demographic or social changes that favor the spread of the virus. There are different factors that contribute to facilitating the emergence of viral infections, although this is made up of three fundamental aspects such as the susceptible population, the virus itself and the environment where both can interact.

scholarly journals Emerging Viral Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
Jamal Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Abdur Rahim ◽  
Khwaja Nazim Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
New Host ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

Human life is intricately related to it’s surrounding environment which also harbors other animals and some deadly infectious pathogens. Any threat to the environment can thus increase the threat of new and so-called ‘emerging infectious diseases’ (EIDs) especially novel viral infections called ‘emerging viral diseases’. This occurs partly due to changing climate as well as human interference with nature and animal life. An important event in new disease emergence is genetic changes in the pathogen that make it possible to become established in a new host species, productively infect new individuals in the new hosts (typically humans) and create local, regional or worldwide health threats. The world has witnessed some emerging and deadly viral threats in recent past with huge mortality and morbidity. Among them were severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), bird flu, swine flu, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), ebola virus disease. Moreover some disease has caused great concern in certain regions including Bangladesh in terms of morbidity, like Nipah virus, Zika virus, Dengue and Chikungunya fever. Here in this article an attempt was made to briefly describe some of these emerging viral infections.Birdem Med J 2017; 7(3): 224-232

Drug Repurposing: A Strategy for Discovering Inhibitors against Emerging Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor José dos Santos Nascimento ◽  
Thiago Mendonça de Aquino ◽  
Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Exclusion Criterion ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

Background: Viral diseases are responsible for several deaths around the world. Over the past few years, the world has seen several outbreaks caused by viral diseases that for a long time seemed to possess no risk. These are diseases that have been forgotten for a long time and, until nowadays, there are no approved drugs or vaccines, leading the pharmaceutical industry and several research groups to run out of time in the search for new pharmacological treatments or prevention methods. In this context, drug repurposing proves to be a fast and economically viable technique, considering the fact that it uses drugs that have a well-established safety profile. Thus, in this review, we present the main advances in drug repurposing and their benefit for searching new treatments against emerging viral diseases. Methods: We conducted a search in the bibliographic databases (Science Direct, Bentham Science, PubMed, Springer, ACS Publisher, Wiley, and NIH’s COVID-19 Portfolio) using the keywords "drug repurposing", "emerging viral infections" and each of the diseases reported here (CoV; ZIKV; DENV; CHIKV; EBOV and MARV) as an inclusion/exclusion criterion. A subjective analysis was performed regarding the quality of the works for inclusion in this manuscript. Thus, the selected works were those that presented drugs repositioned against the emerging viral diseases presented here by means of computational, high-throughput screening or phenotype-based strategies, with no time limit and of relevant scientific value. Results: 291 papers were selected, 24 of which were CHIKV; 52 for ZIKV; 43 for DENV; 35 for EBOV; 10 for MARV; and 56 for CoV and the rest (72 papers) related to the drugs repurposing and emerging viral diseases. Among CoV-related articles, most were published in 2020 (31 papers), updating the current topic. Besides, between the years 2003 - 2005, 10 articles were created, and from 2011 - 2015 there were 7 articles, portraying the outbreaks that occurred at that time. For ZIKV, similar to CoV, most publications were during the period of outbreaks between the years 2016 - 2017 (23 articles). Similarly, most CHIKV (13 papers) and DENV (14 papers) publications occur at the same time interval. For EBOV (13 papers) and MARV (4 papers), they were between the years 2015 - 2016. Through this review, several drugs were highlighted that can be evolved in vivo and clinical trials as possible used against these pathogens showed that remdesivir represent potential treatments against CoV. Furthermore, ribavirin may also be a potential treatment against CHIKV; sofosbuvir against ZIKV; celgosivir against DENV, and favipiravir against EBOV and MARV, representing new hopes against these pathogens. Conclusions: The conclusions of this review manuscript show the potential of the drug repurposing strategy in the discovery of new pharmaceutical products, as from this approach, drugs that could be used against emerging viral diseases. Thus, this strategy deserves more attention among research groups and is a promising approach to the discovery of new drugs against emerging viral diseases and also other diseases.

scholarly journals Novel and Re-emerging Zoonotic Viral Diseases in India during Last Two Decades: An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Priyanka Venugopal ◽  
Damal Kandadai Sriram ◽  
Melvin George
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

Zoonotic diseases or zoonosis is an infectious disease caused by the transmission of pathogens from animals to humans. Depending on the pathogens, these diseases can be bacterial, viral, or parasitic and the route of transmission of the pathogens can be via reservoirs including birds, bats, pigs, and mosquitoes, eventually infecting humans. Spread among humans arises primarily through person-person contact and fomites, causing major outbreaks (epidemics and pandemics). Some of the major zoonotic outbreaks include plague, influenza, West Nile fever, brucellosis, and rabies. This review focuses on zoonotic viral outbreaks in India over the past 20 years highlighting the spread and severity of the disease, measures to control the infection and prevention, treatment and management of the infectious diseases. New or emerging and re-emerging viral diseases such as coronavirus, Japanese encephalitis, dengue and chikungunya are discussed. These outbreaks have been reported to cause high morbidity and mortality, in addition, pose a major risk to the health security, safety, and economy of the country. Insufficient knowledge of emerging diseases is a major challenge for producing effective anti-viral drugs and vaccines. Understanding the etiology and spread of the disease is essential for preventive measures and the development of efficient treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Discovery and Development of Safe-in-Man Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter I. Andersen ◽  
Aleksandr Ianevski ◽  
Hilde Lysvand ◽  
Astra Vitkauskiene ◽  
Valentyn Oksenych ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases ◽  
World Virus

Viral diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Virus-specific vaccines and antiviral drugs are the most powerful tools to combat viral diseases. However, broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs) could provide additional protection of general population from emerging and re-emerging viral diseases reinforcing the arsenal of available antiviral options. Here, we reviewed discovery and development of BSAAs and summarized the information on 119 safe-in-man agents in freely accessible database (https://drugvirus.info/). Future and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies will increase the number of BSAAs, expand spectrum of their indications, and identify drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections as well as co-infections.

scholarly journals Discovery and Development of Safe-in-Man Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter I. Andersen ◽  
Aleksandr Ianevski ◽  
Hilde Lysvand ◽  
Astra Vitkauskiene ◽  
Valentyn Oksenych ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases ◽  
World Virus

Viral diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Virus-specific vaccines and antiviral drugs are the most powerful tools to combat viral diseases. However, broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs, i.e. compounds targeting viruses belonging to two or more viral families) could provide additional protection of general population from emerging and re-emerging viral diseases reinforcing the arsenal of available antiviral options. Here, we reviewed discovery and development of BSAAs and summarized the information on 120 safe-in-man agents in freely accessible database (https://drugvirus.info/). Future and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies will increase the number of BSAAs, expand spectrum of their indications, and identify drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections as well as co-infections.

scholarly journals Discovery and Development of Safe-in-Man Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter I. Andersen ◽  
Aleksandr Ianevski ◽  
Hilde Lysvand ◽  
Astra Vitkauskiene ◽  
Valentyn Oksenych ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases ◽  
World Virus

Viral diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Virus-specific vaccines and antiviral drugs are the most powerful tools to combat viral diseases. However, broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs, i.e. compounds targeting viruses belonging to two or more viral families) could provide additional protection of general population from emerging and re-emerging viral diseases reinforcing the arsenal of available antiviral options. Here, we reviewed discovery and development of BSAAs and summarized the information on 120 safe-in-man agents in freely accessible database (https://drugvirus.info/). Future and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies will increase the number of BSAAs, expand spectrum of their indications, and identify drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections as well as co-infections.

Respiratory viral infections during pregnancy: effects of SARS-CoV-2 and other related viruses over the offspring

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Claudia Riedel ◽  
Juan Carlos Rivera ◽  
Gisela Canedo-Marroquín ◽  
Alexis M. Kalergis ◽  
Ma. Cecilia Opazo
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Fast Spreading ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

Abstract Little is known about the consequences of viral infection for pregnant woman or for the fetus. This issue became important with the appearance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes a respiratory syndrome known as COVID-19. The fast spreading around the world and the fact that without a treatment or vaccine humans are completely exposed, converts emerging viral diseases in a significant risk for pregnant women and their infants. At this time, during SARS-CoV-2 pandemics pregnant women are not considered as a risk population and little is known about the effects of viral infections over the offspring although the amount of emerging evidence showing detrimental effects for the mother and the fetus. This issue highlights the importance to understand the effects of viral infections during pregnancy. In this work, we analyze the effects of viral infections, like SARS-CoV-2 and other related viruses during pregnancy over the mother and the consequences for the offspring.

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