Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease as a Manifestation of Enterovirus Infection

Lesions of the oral mucosa may be a sign of systemic human diseases. Most of manifested in the oral cavity diseases are benign, but it is necessary to differentiate them from more serious diseases. Dentists should know the manifestations and recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases, among which are viral infections, especially highly contagious, which include hand-foot-and-mouth disease. In order to prevent its spread and to identify in time possible complications, dentist should have deep knowledge about it. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral infectious disease caused by various enteroviruses. Viruses of the genus Enterovirus are RNA genomic. It is necessary to know the main stages of the reproduction of RNA genomic viruses in the human body. 1. Adsorption on a cell (adhesion) – an interaction between specific receptors of virions and surface molecules of sensitive cells. 2. Penetration into the cell and "undressing" can be carried out in two ways: endocytosis and translocation. 3. The synthesis of viral particles of RNA-viruses (translation) – as a result specific proteins for viral replication are synthesized. 4. Complete assembly of RNA-viruses. 5. Release of daughter virions from the cell. The source of infection can be both a sick person and a virus carrier. Asymptomatic carriage can last for weeks, sometimes months. The most intense pathogen is released in the first days of the disease. The predominant morbidity of children speaks about the high natural susceptibility of a human. For diseases, which are caused by enteroviruses, polymorphism of clinical manifestations is specific. In most cases, the violation of the general condition is insignificant and the course of the disease is benign. The initial phase is usually followed by enanthema and erythematous, papular or vesicular lesions of the skin, localized mainly on the palms and soles, as well as vesicles in the oral cavity. Enanthema usually precedes the appearance of a skin rash. Oral lesions may occur without skin symptoms. Diagnosis of enteroviral vesicular stomatitis is based on anamnestic and clinical data. There are many diagnostic tests available, but PCR of throat and vesicular fluid swabs, if available, is one of the most effective. After an illness, in most cases, immunity is formed, the possibility of developing cross-immunity to other types of the virus is not excluded

COMPARISON OF MORTALITY RELATED RISK FACTORS OF COVID-19 AND SARI DEATH DURING THE PEAK OF PANDEMIC IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE.

Background: COVID-19 is a viral infectious disease caused by the SARS CoV-2 virus which causes severe respiratory distress in a certain number of patients with specic risk factors. This study compares the mortality risk factors of COVID 19 and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) deaths and also determines the most likely causes that lead to such a poor prognosis Objectives: To evaluate the risk factors of COVID 19 and SARI causing mortality. To compare the most likely risk factors that lead to such a poor prognosis Materials And Methods: This was a Cross sectional study done on 190 patients which includes all cases of covid 19 and SARI deaths within the peak of pandemic period (August 2020). Patient datas were collected from MRD registry at Thanjavur Medical College. Results: Among the study population of 190, age distribution of the patients died due to covid-19 was minimum 26 years to maximum 89 years and mean age of 61years. Most commonly affected were in the age around 60years. Distribution of male is around 72.1%.This study showed 47.9% were covid positive and 42.1% were suspected based on CT chest nding and clinical features. Around 84.7% were diabetic and 56.3% were hypertensive. There is no signicant difference between the exposure rate of diabetes, hypertension, CKD, chronic lung disease, cerebrovascular disease, liver disease, malignancy among covid and SARI group. Among these study population 94.7% had elevated d-dimer level. Conclusion: This study showed various comorbidities, complications, and demographic variables including diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease,, chronic lung disease,liver disease, Cerebrovascular disease, cancer, increased D-dimer, male gender, older age(>50), smoking, and obesity are clinical risk factors for a fatal outcome associated with COVID 19.

Major Vault Protein Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in CRL2843CD163 Cell Lines and Primary Porcine Alveolar Macrophages

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), a significant viral infectious disease that commonly occurs among farmed pigs, leads to considerable economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Major vault protein (MVP) is a host factor that induces type Ⅰ interferon (IFN) production. In this study, we evaluated the effect of MVP on PRRSV infection in CRL2843CD163 cell lines and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Our results showed that MVP expression was downregulated by PRRSV infection. Adenoviral overexpression of MVP inhibited PRRSV replication, whereas the siRNA knockdown of MVP promoted PRRSV replication. In addition, MVP knockdown has an adverse effect on the inhibitive role of MVP overexpression on PRRSV replication. Moreover, MVP could induce the expression of type Ⅰ IFNs and IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) in PRRSV-infected PAMs. Based on these results, MVP may be a potential molecular target of drugs for the effective prevention and treatment of PRRSV infection.

Host Sex Steroids Interact With Virus Infection: New Insights Into Sex Disparity in Infectious Diseases

Sex hormones are steroid hormones synthesized from the gonads of animals and tissues such as the placenta and adrenocortical reticular zone. The physiological functions of sex hormones are complex. Sex hormones are not only pathologically correlated with many diseases of the reproductive system, but are etiological factors in some viral infectious diseases, including disease caused by infections of coronaviruses, herpesviruses, hepatitis viruses, and other kinds of human viruses, which either exhibit a male propensity in clinical practice, or crosstalk with androgen receptor (AR)-related pathways in viral pathogenesis. Due to the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the role of androgen/AR in viral infectious disease is highlighted again, majorly representing by the recent advances of AR-responsive gene of transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2), which proteolytically activates the receptor-mediated virus entry by many coronaviruses and influenza virus, along with the role of androgen-mediated signaling for the transcription of hepatitis B virus (HBV), and the role of sex hormone responsive genes during Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis, et al. Collectively, we propose to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of male sex hormones during multiple phases in the life cycle of different human viruses, which may be partly responsible for the sex-specific prevalence, severity and mortality of some diseases, therefore, may provide clues to develop more efficient prevention and treatment strategies for high-risk populations.

Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by COVID-19 in patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Diabetes mellitus (DM) have been reported frequently in patients with the new corona virus disease — 2019, COVID-19. It has been associated with progressive course and worse outcome. There is scarce data on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in COVID-19 infection. There has been several cases reported on COVID-19 infection precipitating a new diagnosis of type 2 DM (T2DM). However, there is a lack of evidence regarding type 1 DM (T1DM). We report a case of DKA precipitated by COVID-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed T1DM. Recently, case reports and small cross-sectional studies described diabetic patients who develop DKA when infected with COVID-19. The incidence of DKA has been found to be high in patients with T1DM and T2DM admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Case presentation. We present a 29 year-old, previously healthy man with 5 days history of fever, fatigue, vomiting, polydipsia and polyuria. His lab results showed high blood glucose, high anion gap metabolic acidosis and ketonuria diagnostic of DKA. He also tested positive for COVID-19 and his Chest CT was consistent with bilateral COVID 19 pneumonia (ground-glass opacity, consolidation, and crazy-paving pattern). He was successfully managed with intravenous fluids and insulin as per DKA protocol. He required intravenous antibiotics, steroids and oxygenotherapy for COVID-19 pneumonia. He was discharged after 14 days in stable condition. Conclusions. COVID-19 infection can be complicated by DKA and development of DM in previously non-diabetic individuals. It is possible that SARS-CoV-2 may aggravate pancreatic beta cell function and precipitate DKA. Very few cases have been reported in the literature on COVID-19 infection precipitating DKA in a newly diagnosed patient of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Competitiveness of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR) Technologies, with a Particular Focus on Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs)

With fast-growing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies and various application methods, the technique has benefited science and medical fields. While having strengths and limitations on each technology, there are not many studies comparing the efficiency and specificity of PCR technologies. The objective of this review is to summarize a large amount of scattered information on PCR technologies focused on the two majorly used technologies: qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and ddPCR (droplet-digital polymerase chain reaction). Here we analyze and compare the two methods for (1) efficiency, (2) range of detection and limitations under different disciplines and gene targets, (3) optimization, and (4) status on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) analysis. It has been identified that the range of detection and quantification limit varies depending on the PCR method and the type of sample. Careful optimization of target gene analysis is essential for building robust analysis for both qPCR and ddPCR. In our era where mutation of genes may lead to a pandemic of viral infectious disease or antibiotic resistance-induced health threats, this study hopes to set guidelines for meticulous detection, quantification, and analysis to help future prevention and protection of global health, the economy, and ecosystems.

Global Research Activity on Health System Preparedness Against Viral Infectious Disease Outbreaks

Objective: The present study aimed to give an overview of research publications on health system preparedness against viral infectious disease outbreaks. Methods: A bibliometric method was implemented from 2001 to 2020. The studied pathogens were dengue, Ebola, influenza, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Results: The search query returned 501 documents. The growth of publications showed a sharp peak in 2020 for COVID-19 and 3 small peaks in 2006, 2009, and 2015 for SARS, influenza, and Ebola, respectively. Of the retrieved documents, 208 (41.5%) were on influenza, 164 (32.7%) were on COVID-19, and 83 (16.6%) were on Ebola. Countries in the region of the Americas (n = 221; 44.1%) returned the majority of the documents, while countries in Latin America and the African region returned the least. The United States (n = 197; 39.3%) had a leading role in this field. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n = 51; 10.2%) ranked first, followed by the Johns Hopkins University (n = 16; 3.2%). The Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal (n = 21; 4.2%) ranked first. International research collaboration was relatively inadequate. Conclusions: Research on preparedness against infectious diseases was episodic. Research collaboration needs to be prioritized for countries with a history of fatal outbreaks.

Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Novel Duck Parvovirus Vaccine for Short Beak and Dwarf Syndrome in Cherry Valley Ducks

Duck short beak and dwarf syndrome (SBDS) is a viral infectious disease caused by novel duck parvovirus (NDPV). It has brought serious economic losses to the Chinese duck industry in recent years. Currently, there exists no effective vaccine against this disease. In this study, we developed an inactivated virus vaccine based on NDPV-DS15 for SBDS. Immune efficacy was evaluated in 112 ducks, which were randomly divided into vaccination, challenge control, vaccination-challenge, and blank control groups (n = 28 each). Clinical characteristics, antibodies, viral excretion, viremia, and pathological changes were monitored and analyzed. No morbidity or death was observed in the immunized ducks, which showed normal weight and good mental state. High levels of serum antibodies (OD450 nm: ~0.63) were detected in ducks immunized with inactivated vaccine at 7 days post-vaccination (dpv), and the amount of virus neutralizing antibodies increased from 1:23 to 1:28.5 from 7 dpv to 42 dpv. The anal swab, serum, and tissue viral load tests showed that vaccination could significantly inhibit the replication of NDPV in immunized ducks. Moreover, NDPV could not be isolated from the spleens of immunized or vaccination-challenged ducks. Our results show that the developed inactivated NDPV vaccine, administered in an oil emulsion adjuvant, possesses good immunogenicity and represents a potentially powerful tool for SBDS prevention and control.

Biological properties of swine vesicular disease virus strain 2348 Italy/2008

Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a viral infectious disease, which, if acute, is manifested by the clinical pattern similar to a number of vesicular diseases including foot-and-mouth disease. In case of subclinical disease, there are no evident clinical signs, therefore the diagnosis is problematic, and there can be the risk of the disease introduction into the Russian Federation with the infected pigs. The key measure for the prevention of SVD introduction involves control diagnostic testing of all animals imported in the country that makes it necessary to keep updated the currently used methods and tools for the disease laboratory diagnosis. The paper demonstrates data on experimental infection of pigs with SVDV strain 2348 Italy/2008 that belongs to the most recent one of the four known phylogenetic groups. The virus was kindly provided by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Pirbright, Great Britain), and it was adapted to the monolayer continuous cell cultures of porcine origin (IB-RS-2 and PGSK-30). The pigs were intradermally infected with concentrated cultured virus at a dose of 109 TCID50. The infected animals demonstrated clinical signs typical for the acute disease. There was evidence that the virus was not transmitted to the intact animal in case husbandry conditions were met that allowed to avoid the infection transmission by the fecal-oral and contact mechanisms. As a result of the experiment, reference sera were collected at different time intervals post infection and their activity was determined using virus microneutralization test in cell culture and ELISA. Aphthae collected from the infected animals were deposited into the Strain collection of the Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FGBI “ARRIAH”.

Reducing the spread of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) In light of the Islamic Law and scientific approach: Protection, and prevention

A virus is an ultramicroscopic (20-300 nanometers in diameter) metabolically inert, infectious agent that replicates only within the cells of living hosts. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is announced by World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic. As of 23 August 2020, 23,407,334 infected people and 810,242 deaths were reported worldwide. COVID-19 has affected our daily lives and influences all aspects of life, including economic, social, health, etc. On the healthcare level, the world is faced with many challenges, including diagnosis, quarantine, and treatment of suspected cases, overloaded doctors and healthcare professionals and the requirement of a high level of protection. This research focused on preventive measures - preventive medicine - to combat coronavirus according to Islamic law's and modern medicine's perspective. Sharia focuses on preserving diseases to achieve its objectives thereby, so it has legislated some of the rulings that achieve this purpose, so it based its provisions on bringing interests and warding off evil. This research has been divided into two requirements; the first requirement is that the researcher talked about preventive strategies, one of the most important branches of medicine because it precedes disease before it occurs to be rectified with awareness and guidance. The second requirement: supporting scientific research to make vaccines and medicines is the most important findings of the researcher. Besides the review intent to explaining the extent of compatibility and difference between practical applications in Islamic jurisprudence and modern medicine, Explaining the importance of treatment from diseases and epidemics and the necessity of supporting scientific research to find medicines and vaccines( not only preventive strategies), and A statement of the importance and necessity of adhering to the instructions and instructions issued by the competent medical authorities and institutions with expertise and competence to prevent transmission of infection by prevention, treatment and taking vaccinations.