scholarly journals Why Did the Bee Eat the Chicken? Symbiont Gain, Loss, and Retention in the Vulture Bee Microbiome

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Figueroa ◽  
Jessica J. Maccaro ◽  
Erin Krichilsky ◽  
Douglas Yanega ◽  
Quinn S. McFrederick
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Almost All

When asked where to find bees, people often picture fields of wildflowers. While true for almost all species, there is a group of specialized bees, also known as the vulture bees, that instead can be found slicing chunks of meat from carcasses in tropical rainforests.

Genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism microarray mapping for prediction of outcome of neuroblastoma patients

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9010-9010
Author(s):  
E. Hiyama ◽  
H. Yamaoka ◽  
A. Kamimatsuse ◽  
M. Onitake ◽  
T. Sueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Aberrations ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Mycn Amplification ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Whole Genome Microarray ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Almost All

9010 Background: Neuroblastoma is a biologically and genetically heterogeneous tumor and demonstrates favorable or unfavorable outcomes. However, the number of subgroups in neuroblastoma and natural history of each subgroup remain unclear. In Japan, nation-wide neuroblasotma mass-screening (MS) project had been performed on 6-month-old babies for 20 years that might have detected almost all neuroblastomas including regressing/ maturing tumors developed in this period. We surveyed more than 3,600 neuroblasotma cases including approximately 2,000 MS detecting cases. In this study, we examined genetic alterations in the representative cases using genome-wide SNP array and compared with the clinical courses. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from 198 neuroblastoma samples. SNP array (Affimetrix GeneChip Human mapping Array100K) was used to determine genome-wide aberrations. Chromosome aberrations were confirmed by BAC array and FISH examination. Expression profiles of these tumors were also examined using whole genome microarray (Codelink and Affimetrix Array U133 plus2). Results: SNP arrays could frequently identify chromosomal aberrations and allelic imbalances including 1p and 11q loss and MYCN amplification in unfavorable tumors. Then, we broadly classified the chromosome aberrations in neuroblastoma into four types: whole gain/loss type, partial gain/loss type, MYCN amplified type, and silent type with no large alterations. Almost all tumors with whole gain/loss type showed favorable prognosis, while MYCN amplified type and partial gain/loss type showed unfavorable outcome. In 32 tumors with silent type, 18 unfavorable tumors had small deletions and/or gains in 1p, 2p, 3p, 11q, and/or 17q but the remaining 16 favorable cases did not. The expression analysis of the unfavorable tumors showed high expression of several genes (DDX1, NAG, NME1, MAC30) in these loci. Conclusions: Genome-wide genetic analysis classified neuroblastoma into four types, which are useful to predict the outcome of patients. In the silent type, unfavorable tumors revealed several genes to predict the outcome of the patients. These data provided important candidates of indicators for risk assessment and of therapeutic targets for unfavorable neuroblastoma. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Genomic islands of divergence in hybridizing Heliconius butterflies identified by large-scale targeted sequencing

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1587) ◽  
pp. 343-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola J. Nadeau ◽  
Annabel Whibley ◽  
Robert T. Jones ◽  
John W. Davey ◽  
Kanchon K. Dasmahapatra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genomic Islands ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Almost All

Heliconius butterflies represent a recent radiation of species, in which wing pattern divergence has been implicated in speciation. Several loci that control wing pattern phenotypes have been mapped and two were identified through sequencing. These same gene regions play a role in adaptation across the whole Heliconius radiation. Previous studies of population genetic patterns at these regions have sequenced small amplicons. Here, we use targeted next-generation sequence capture to survey patterns of divergence across these entire regions in divergent geographical races and species of Heliconius . This technique was successful both within and between species for obtaining high coverage of almost all coding regions and sufficient coverage of non-coding regions to perform population genetic analyses. We find major peaks of elevated population differentiation between races across hybrid zones, which indicate regions under strong divergent selection. These ‘islands’ of divergence appear to be more extensive between closely related species, but there is less clear evidence for such islands between more distantly related species at two further points along the ‘speciation continuum’. We also sequence fosmid clones across these regions in different Heliconius melpomene races. We find no major structural rearrangements but many relatively large (greater than 1 kb) insertion/deletion events (including gain/loss of transposable elements) that are variable between races.

scholarly journals Impact of deforestation on earthworm populations in Guyana's rainforests

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma Persaud
Keyword(s):  
Population Data ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pristine Forest ◽  
Earthworm Populations

Changes to the landscape of tropical rainforests are potential instigators in population changes experienced by earthworms, which are integral biological components of almost all terrestrial ecosystems. A comparative analysis of earthworm populations was done in the rainforests of Guyana to investigate the impact of deforestation on earthworm populations. Earthworms were sampled in pristine forest sites and deforested sites, which yielded 31 species belonging to 10 families. Deforested sites suffered significantly from low abundance, density, diversity and richness. The population data among the two types of sites were all of statistical significant difference, with the exception of epigeic abundance. Earthworm abundance and richness were found to be significantly negatively correlated to deforestation. Anecic ecotype were the most affected as none were recorded in deforested sites while P. corethrurus was found to be the most abundant species in the deforested sites.

scholarly journals Stingless bees and mass flowering trees in the canopy of Atlantic Forest: a tight relationship

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Ramalho
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Stingless Bees ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Stingless Bee ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Mass Flowering ◽  
Forest Strata ◽  
Almost All

This study demonstrates that stingless bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera) amount to approximately 70% of all bees foraging on flowers in the Brazilian Tropical Atlantic Rainforest. They also are the unique bee group concentrated in the upper stratum. It is hypothesized that this vertical distribution is a result of an uneven distribution of preferred floral resources within the forest strata. In the upper stratum, most of the trees that are highly visited by stingless bees produce small, inconspicuous, generalized flowers, clustered in dense inflorescences (mass flowering). These trees represent only 15% of the total melittophilous flora in the study area (96 plant species). In contrast, they attracted all 17 stingless bee species and more than 70% of all stingless bee individuals. Almost all these mass-flowering trees are hermaphroditic or monoecious, therefore the hypothesis that the stingless bees would be related to the abundance of dioecious trees in tropical rainforests was reexamined. It is proposed that small generalist stingless bees facilitate self-pollination and occasionally cross-pollinate these mass flowering trees. The tight relationship between stingless bees and mass-flowering trees is more properly in the center of a diffuse coevolutionary process, with the gradual replacement of other unpredictable, generalist and poor pollinators (e.g. small beetles) at the forest canopy.

scholarly journals Corytophanids Replaced the Pleurodont XY System with a New Pair of XY Chromosomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2666-2677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Acosta ◽  
Gabriel Suárez-Varón ◽  
Luis A Rodríguez-Miranda ◽  
Andrés Lira-Noriega ◽  
Diana Aguilar-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis ◽  
Chromosome 17 ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Compensation Mechanism ◽  
Transcriptomic Data ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Male Specific

Abstract Almost all lizard families in the pleurodont clade share the same XY system. This system was meticulously studied in Anolis carolinensis, where it shows a highly degenerated Y chromosome and a male-specific X chromosome dosage compensation mechanism. Corytophanids (casque-headed lizards) have been proposed as the only family in the pleurodont clade to lack the XY system. In this study, we worked with extensive genomic and transcriptomic data from Basiliscus vittatus, a member of the Corytophanidae family that inhabits the tropical rainforests of Mexico. We confirmed that B. vittatus underwent a sex chromosome system turnover, which consisted in the loss of the pleurodont XY system and the gain of a new pair of XY chromosomes that are orthologous to chicken chromosome 17. We estimated the origin of the sex chromosome system to have occurred ∼63 Ma in the ancestor of corytophanids. Moreover, we identified 12 XY gametologues with particular attributes, such as functions related to the membrane and intracellular trafficking, very low expression levels, blood specificity, and incomplete dosage compensation in males.

scholarly journals Impact of deforestation on earthworm populations in Guyana's rainforests

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma Persaud
Keyword(s):  
Population Data ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pristine Forest ◽  
Earthworm Populations

Changes to the landscape of tropical rainforests are potential instigators in population changes experienced by earthworms, which are integral biological components of almost all terrestrial ecosystems. A comparative analysis of earthworm populations was done in the rainforests of Guyana to investigate the impact of deforestation on earthworm populations. Earthworms were sampled in pristine forest sites and deforested sites, which yielded 31 species belonging to 10 families. Deforested sites suffered significantly from low abundance, density, diversity and richness. The population data among the two types of sites were all of statistical significant difference, with the exception of epigeic abundance. Earthworm abundance and richness were found to be significantly negatively correlated to deforestation. Anecic ecotype were the most affected as none were recorded in deforested sites while P. corethrurus was found to be the most abundant species in the deforested sites.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

SEM Cold Stage Techniques for the Observation of Vegetative and Floral Apices of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Plants

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 590-591
Author(s):  
B. K. Kirchoff ◽  
L.F. Allard ◽  
W.C. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cell Collapse ◽  
Conductive Paint ◽  
Carbon Based

In attempting to use the SEM to investigate the transition from the vegetative to the floral state in oat (Avena sativa L.) it was discovered that the procedures of fixation and critical point drying (CPD), and fresh tissue examination of the specimens gave unsatisfactory results. In most cases, by using these techniques, cells of the tissue were collapsed or otherwise visibly distorted. Figure 1 shows the results of fixation with 4.5% formaldehyde-gluteraldehyde followed by CPD. Almost all cellular detail has been obscured by the resulting shrinkage distortions. The larger cracks seen on the left of the picture may be due to dissection damage, rather than CPD. The results of observation of fresh tissue are seen in Fig. 2. Although there is a substantial improvement over CPD, some cell collapse still occurs.Due to these difficulties, it was decided to experiment with cold stage techniques. The specimens to be observed were dissected out and attached to the sample stub using a carbon based conductive paint in acetone.

Electron microscopy studies of plasma-sprayed materials

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
K.R. Subramanian ◽  
A.H. King ◽  
H. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Spraying ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Ceramic Coatings ◽  
Metallic Substrates ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Plasma Sprayed ◽  
Hostile Environments ◽  
Plasma Spraying Process

Plasma spraying is a technique which is used to apply coatings to metallic substrates for a variety of purposes, including hardfacing, corrosion resistance and thermal barrier applications. Almost all of the applications of this somewhat esoteric fabrication technique involve materials in hostile environments and the integrity of the coatings is of paramount importance: the effects of process variables on such properties as adhesive strength, cohesive strength and hardness of the substrate/coating system, however, are poorly understood.Briefly, the plasma spraying process involves forming a hot plasma jet with a maximum flame temperature of approximately 20,000K and a gas velocity of about 40m/s. Into this jet the coating material is injected, in powder form, so it is heated and projected at the substrate surface. Relatively thick metallic or ceramic coatings may be speedily built up using this technique.

Vacuum System to Minimize the Specimen Contamination of High-Performance EM

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
N. Yoshimura ◽  
K. Shirota ◽  
T. Etoh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cascade Type

One of the most important requirements for a high-performance EM, especially an analytical EM using a fine beam probe, is to prevent specimen contamination by providing a clean high vacuum in the vicinity of the specimen. However, in almost all commercial EMs, the pressure in the vicinity of the specimen under observation is usually more than ten times higher than the pressure measured at the punping line. The EM column inevitably requires the use of greased Viton O-rings for fine movement, and specimens and films need to be exchanged frequently and several attachments may also be exchanged. For these reasons, a high speed pumping system, as well as a clean vacuum system, is now required. A newly developed electron microscope, the JEM-100CX features clean high vacuum in the vicinity of the specimen, realized by the use of a CASCADE type diffusion pump system which has been essentially improved over its predeces- sorD employed on the JEM-100C.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document