scholarly journals Dephosphorylation of threonine 169 of Cdc28 is not required for exit from mitosis but may be necessary for start in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 4573-4583 ◽  
Author(s):  
H H Lim ◽  
C J Loy ◽  
S Zaman ◽  
U Surana
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Tyrosine Residue ◽  
Cdc2 Kinase ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Mitotic Cyclin ◽  
Cdc2 Activity

Entry into mitosis requires activation of cdc2 kinase brought on by its association with cyclin B, phosphorylation of the conserved threonine (Thr-167 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe) in the T loop, and dephosphorylation of the tyrosine residue at position 15. Exit from mitosis, on the other hand, is induced by inactivation of cdc2 activity via cyclin destruction. It has been suggested that in addition to cyclin degradation, dephosphorylation of Thr-167 may also be required for exit from the M phase. Here we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing cdc28-E169 (a CDC28 allele in which the equivalent threonine, Thr-169, has been replaced by glutamic acid) are able to degrade mitotic cyclin Clb2, inactivate the Cdc28/Clb2 kinase, and disassemble the anaphase spindles, suggesting that they exit mitosis normally. The cdc28-E169 allele is active with respect to its mitotic functions, since it complements the mitosis-defective cdc28-1N allele. Whereas replacement of Thr-169 with serine affects neither Start nor the mitotic activity of Cdc28, replacement with glutamic acid or alanine renders Cdc28 inactive for Start-related functions. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments show that although Cdc28-E169 associates with mitotic cyclin Clb2, it fails to associate with the G1 cyclin Cln2. Thus, an unmodified threonine at position 169 in Cdc28 is important for interaction with G1 cyclins. We propose that in S. cerevisiae, dephosphorylation of Thr-169 is not required for exit from mitosis but may be necessary for commitment to the subsequent division cycle.

scholarly journals p63cdc13, a B-type cyclin, is associated with both the nucleolar and chromatin domains of the fission yeast nucleus.

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 1087-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
I M Gallagher ◽  
C E Alfa ◽  
J S Hyams
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Immunogold Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Phase Protein ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Mitotic Cyclin

The cellular distribution of the fission yeast mitotic cyclin B, p63cdc13, was investigated by a combination of indirect immunofluorescence light microscopy, immunogold electron microscopy, and nuclear isolation and fractionation. Immunofluorescence microscopy of wild-type cells and the cold-sensitive mutant dis2.11 with a monospecific anti-p63cdc13 antiserum was consistent with the association of a major subpopulation of fission yeast M-phase protein kinase with the nucleolus. Immunogold electron microscopy of freeze-substituted wild-type cells identified two nuclear populations of p63cdc13, one associated with the nucleolus, the other with the chromatin domain. To investigate the cell cycle regulation of nuclear labeling, the mutant cdc25.22 was synchronized through mitosis by temperature arrest and release. Immunogold labeling of cells arrested at G2M revealed gold particles present abundantly over the nucleolus and less densely over the chromatin region of the nucleus. Small vesicles around the nucleus were also labeled by anti-p63cdc13, but few gold particles were detected over the cytoplasm. Labeling of all cell compartments declined to zero through mitosis. Cell fractionation confirmed that p63cdc13 was substantially enriched in both isolated nuclei and in a fraction containing small vesicles and organelles. p63cdc13 was not extracted from nuclei by treatment with RNase A, Nonidet P40 (NP-40), Triton X-100, and 0.1 M NaCl, although partial solubilization was observed with DNase I and 1 M NaCl. A known nucleolar protein NOP1, partitioned in a similar manner to p63cdc13, as did p34cdc2, the other subunit of the M-phase protein kinase. We conclude that a major subpopulation of the fission yeast mitotic cyclin B is targeted to structural elements of the nucleus and nucleolus.

The Polo-like kinase Plx1 is a component of the MPF amplification loop at the G2/M-phase transition of the cell cycle in Xenopus eggs

1998 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 1751-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abrieu ◽  
T. Brassac ◽  
S. Galas ◽  
D. Fisher ◽  
J.C. Labbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cyclin A ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Cdc2 Kinase ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Egg Extracts ◽  
Amplification Loop

We have investigated whether Plx1, a kinase recently shown to phosphorylate cdc25c in vitro, is required for activation of cdc25c at the G2/M-phase transition of the cell cycle in Xenopus. Using immunodepletion or the mere addition of an antibody against the C terminus of Plx1, which suppressed its activation (not its activity) at G2/M, we show that Plx1 activity is required for activation of cyclin B-cdc2 kinase in both interphase egg extracts receiving recombinant cyclin B, and cycling extracts that spontaneously oscillate between interphase and mitosis. Furthermore, a positive feedback loop allows cyclin B-cdc2 kinase to activate Plx1 at the G2/M-phase transition. In contrast, activation of cyclin A-cdc2 kinase does not require Plx1 activity, and cyclin A-cdc2 kinase fails to activate Plx1 and its consequence, cdc25c activation in cycling extracts.

scholarly journals Plk is an M-phase-specific protein kinase and interacts with a kinesin-like protein, CHO1/MKLP-1.

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 7143-7151 ◽  
Author(s):  
K S Lee ◽  
Y L Yuan ◽  
R Kuriyama ◽  
R L Erikson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Cdc2 Kinase ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Nih 3T3

PLK (STPK13) encodes a murine protein kinase closely related to those encoded by the Drosophila melanogaster polo gene and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC5 gene, which are required for normal mitotic and meiotic divisions. Affinity-purified antibody generated against the C-terminal 13 amino acids of Plk specifically recognizes a single polypeptide of 66 kDa in MELC, NIH 3T3, and HeLa cellular extracts. The expression levels of both poly(A)+ PLK mRNA and its encoded protein are most abundant about 17 h after serum stimulation of NIH 3T3 cells. Plk protein begins to accumulate at the S/G2 boundary and reaches the maximum level at the G2/M boundary in continuously cycling cells. Concurrent with cyclin B-associated cdc2 kinase activity, Plk kinase activity sharply peaks at the onset of mitosis. Plk enzymatic activity gradually decreases as M phase proceeds but persists longer than cyclin B-associated cdc2 kinase activity. Plk is localized to the area surrounding the chromosomes in prometaphase, appears condensed as several discrete bands along the spindle axis at the interzone in anaphase, and finally concentrates at the midbody during telophase and cytokinesis. Plk and CHO1/mitotic kinesin-like protein 1 (MKLP-1), which induces microtubule bundling and antiparallel movement in vitro, are colocalized during late M phase. In addition, CHO1/MKLP-1 appears to interact with Plk in vivo and to be phosphorylated by Plk-associated kinase activity in vitro.

scholarly journals Inhibition of cdc2 activation by INH/PP2A.

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
T H Lee ◽  
C Turck ◽  
M W Kirschner
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Conventional Form ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Cdc2 Activity

INH, a type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A), negatively regulates entry into M phase and the cyclin B-dependent activation of cdc2 in Xenopus extracts. INH appears to be central to the mechanism of the trigger for mitotic initiation, as it prevents the premature activation of cdc2. We first show that INH is a conventional form of PP2A with a B alpha regulatory subunit. We next explore the mechanism by which it inhibits cdc2 activation by examining the effect of purified PP2A on the reaction pathways controlling cdc2 activity. Our results suggest that although PP2A inhibits the switch in tyrosine kinase and tyrosine phosphatase activities accompanying mitosis, this switch is a consequence of the inhibition of some other rate-limiting event. In the preactivation phase, PP2A inhibits the pathway leading to T161 phosphorylation, suggesting that this activity may be one of the rate-limiting events for transition. However, our results also suggest that the accumulation of active cdc2/cyclin complexes during the lag is only one of the events required for triggering entry into mitosis.

Phosphorylation of Xenopus cyclins B1 and B2 is not required for cell cycle transitions

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3860-3867
Author(s):  
T Izumi ◽  
J L Maller
Keyword(s):  
Map Kinase ◽  
Cyclin B1 ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Phosphorylation Sites ◽  
Cdc2 Kinase ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Egg Extracts ◽  
Xenopus Egg Extracts

The cdc2 kinase and B-type cyclins are known to be components of maturation- or M-phase-promoting factor (MPF). Phosphorylation of cyclin B has been reported previously and may regulate entry into and exit from mitosis and meiosis. To investigate the role of cyclin B phosphorylation, we replaced putative cdc2 kinase phosphorylation sites in Xenopus cyclins B1 and B2 by using oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis. We found that Ser-90 of cyclin B2 and Ser-94 or Ser-96 of cyclin B1 are the main phosphorylation sites both in functional Xenopus egg extracts and after phosphorylation with purified MPF in vitro. Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinase from Xenopus eggs phosphorylated cyclin B1 significantly at Ser-94 or Ser-96, whereas it was largely inactive against cyclin B2. The substitutions that ablated phosphorylation at these sites, however, resulted in no functional differences between mutant and wild-type cyclin, as judged by the kinetics of M-phase degradation, induction of mitosis in egg extracts, or induction of oocyte maturation. These results indicate that the phosphorylation of Xenopus B-type cyclins by cdc2 kinase or MAP kinase is not required for the hallmark functions of cyclin.

scholarly journals Cdc2 and Mos Regulate Emi2 Stability to Promote the Meiosis I–Meiosis II Transition

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 3536-3543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanli Tang ◽  
Judy Qiju Wu ◽  
Yanxiang Guo ◽  
David V. Hansen ◽  
Jennifer A. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Anaphase Promoting Complex ◽  
Cdc2 Kinase ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Cytostatic Factor ◽  
Cdc2 Activity ◽  
Phase Entry ◽  
Meiosis I

The transition of oocytes from meiosis I (MI) to meiosis II (MII) requires partial cyclin B degradation to allow MI exit without S phase entry. Rapid reaccumulation of cyclin B allows direct progression into MII, producing a cytostatic factor (CSF)-arrested egg. It has been reported that dampened translation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) inhibitor Emi2 at MI allows partial APC activation and MI exit. We have detected active Emi2 translation at MI and show that Emi2 levels in MI are mainly controlled by regulated degradation. Emi2 degradation in MI depends not on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), but on Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation of multiple sites within Emi2. As in MII, this phosphorylation is antagonized by Mos-mediated recruitment of PP2A to Emi2. Higher Cdc2 kinase activity in MI than MII allows sufficient Emi2 phosphorylation to destabilize Emi2 in MI. At MI anaphase, APC-mediated degradation of cyclin B decreases Cdc2 activity, enabling Cdc2-mediated Emi2 phosphorylation to be successfully antagonized by Mos-mediated PP2A recruitment. These data suggest a model of APC autoinhibition mediated by stabilization of Emi2; Emi2 proteins accumulate at MI exit and inhibit APC activity sufficiently to prevent complete degradation of cyclin B, allowing MI exit while preventing interphase before MII entry.

scholarly journals Mutant MyoD Lacking Cdc2 Phosphorylation Sites Delays M-Phase Entry

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1809-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel A. J. Tintignac ◽  
Valentina Sirri ◽  
Marie Pierre Leibovitch ◽  
Yann Lécluse ◽  
Maria Castedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽  
Cdc2 Kinase ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Phase Entry

ABSTRACT The transcription factors MyoD and Myf-5 control myoblast identity and differentiation. MyoD and Myf-5 manifest opposite cell cycle-specific expression patterns. Here, we provide evidence that MyoD plays a pivotal role at the G2/M transition by controlling the expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 (p21), which is believed to regulate cyclin B-Cdc2 kinase activity in G2. In growing myoblasts, MyoD reaccumulates during G2 concomitantly with p21 before entry into mitosis; MyoD is phosphorylated on Ser5 and Ser200 by cyclin B-Cdc2, resulting in a decrease of its stability and down-regulation of both MyoD and p21. Inducible expression of a nonphosphorylable MyoD A5/A200 enhances the MyoD interaction with the coactivator P/CAF, thereby stimulating the transcriptional activation of a luciferase reporter gene placed under the control of the p21 promoter. MyoD A5/A200 causes sustained p21 expression, which inhibits cyclin B-Cdc2 kinase activity in G2 and delays M-phase entry. This G2 arrest is not observed in p21−/− cells. These results show that in cycling cells MyoD functions as a transcriptional activator of p21 and that MyoD phosphorylation is required for G2/M transition.

Phospholipid enrichment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its effect on polyene sensitivity

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Venu Gopala Rao ◽  
Akhilesh Trivedi ◽  
Rajendra Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Polyene Antibiotic ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Polyene Antibiotics ◽  
Antibiotic Action

Sensitivity to polyene antibiotics, e.g., nystatin, amphotericin B, and filipin, was determined in phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylserine (PS) enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, using glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, and lysine transport as an index of polyene antibiotic action. As compared with normal cells, phospholipid-enriched cells acquired resistance towards different polyenes. However, the sensitivity of glutamic acid transport towards nystatin remained unaffected in PC-, PE-, or PS-enriched cells. In contrast to nystatin, the other two polyenes were more effective in checking the influx of amino acids. Results demonstrated that the specific enrichment of PC, PE, or PS could selectively protect S. cerevisiae cells from polyene antibiotic action.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation of Xenopus cyclins B1 and B2 is not required for cell cycle transitions.

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3860-3867 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Izumi ◽  
J L Maller
Keyword(s):  
Map Kinase ◽  
Cyclin B1 ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Phosphorylation Sites ◽  
Cdc2 Kinase ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Egg Extracts ◽  
Xenopus Egg Extracts

The cdc2 kinase and B-type cyclins are known to be components of maturation- or M-phase-promoting factor (MPF). Phosphorylation of cyclin B has been reported previously and may regulate entry into and exit from mitosis and meiosis. To investigate the role of cyclin B phosphorylation, we replaced putative cdc2 kinase phosphorylation sites in Xenopus cyclins B1 and B2 by using oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis. We found that Ser-90 of cyclin B2 and Ser-94 or Ser-96 of cyclin B1 are the main phosphorylation sites both in functional Xenopus egg extracts and after phosphorylation with purified MPF in vitro. Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinase from Xenopus eggs phosphorylated cyclin B1 significantly at Ser-94 or Ser-96, whereas it was largely inactive against cyclin B2. The substitutions that ablated phosphorylation at these sites, however, resulted in no functional differences between mutant and wild-type cyclin, as judged by the kinetics of M-phase degradation, induction of mitosis in egg extracts, or induction of oocyte maturation. These results indicate that the phosphorylation of Xenopus B-type cyclins by cdc2 kinase or MAP kinase is not required for the hallmark functions of cyclin.

Differential function and expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae B-type cyclins in mitosis and meiosis

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2113-2125
Author(s):  
N Grandin ◽  
S I Reed
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Mitotic Cell Cycle ◽  
Meiotic Cell ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Mitotic Cyclin

We have studied the patterns of expression of four B-type cyclins (Clbs), Clb1, Clb2, Clb3, and Clb4, and their ability to activate p34cdc28 during the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During the mitotic cell cycle, Clb3 and Clb4 were expressed and induced a kinase activity in association with p34cdc28 from early S phase up to mitosis. On the other hand, Clb1 and Clb2 were expressed and activated p34cdc28 later in the mitotic cell cycle, starting in late S phase and continuing up to mitosis. The pattern of expression of Clb3 and Clb4 suggests a possible role in the regulation of DNA replication as well as mitosis. Clb1 and Clb2, whose pattern of expression is similar to that of other known Clbs, are likely to have a role predominantly in the regulation of M phase. During the meiotic cell cycle, Clb1, Clb3, and Clb4 were expressed and induced a p34cdc28-associated kinase activity just before the first meiotic division. The fact that Clb3 and Clb4 were not synthesized earlier, in S phase, suggests that these cyclins, which probably have a role in S phase during the mitotic cell cycle, are not implicated in premeiotic S phase. Clb2, the primary mitotic cyclin in S. cerevisiae, was not detectable during meiosis. Sporulation experiments on strains deleted for one, two, or three Clbs indicate, in agreement with the biochemical data, that Clb1 is the primary cyclin for the regulation of meiosis, while Clb2 is not involved at all.

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