Accounting Start-up Time of Parallel Processes in Amdahl’s Law

The conventional form of Amdahl’s law states that speedup of calculations in a multiprocessor machine is limited by the definite constant value just due to the existence of some non-parallelizable part in any algorithm. This brief paper considers one more general reason, which prevents a growth of parallel performance: processes that implement distributed task cannot start simultaneously and hence every process adds some start-up time, also reducing by that the gain from a parallel processing. The simple formula, proposed here to extend Amdahl’s law, leads to a less optimistic picture in comparison with classical results: for large amount of processor units the modified law does not approach to constant but vanishes. This is the result of competition between two factors: decreasing of calculation duty and increasing of start-up time when a number of parallel processes grows. The effect may be subdued by means of specific regularity in launching parallel processes.

Teaching Implementation of Practical Education and Innovative Construction Method

This study uses cases of practical education to illustrate the process and results of innovative construction methods. The results are as follows: 1. Originating from the nature of materials, development of construction methods through understanding the characteristics of materials can better demonstrate the importance of detailed design. 2. Through the addition of other materials, wood structures can stand out from the conventional form to show an amazing style. 3. Through practices, students can understand the importance of detailed design. Starting from the essence of the material and returning to the overall design through detailed design can indeed create unexpected results. 4. Feedback on teaching to provide reference for subsequent courses.

10. New Society

The more political dimension of green radicalism analyzed in this chapter believes that ecological limits and boundaries can only be confronted, and the path to a better society charted, though political activism and thoroughgoing change in dominant institutions and practices. It finds its most conventional form of organization in green political parties that have been part of the electoral landscape since the 1980s, and that have in several countries (especially in Europe) joined governing coalitions and provided government ministers. However, social movements such as Occupy, Extinction Rebellion, Transition Initiatives, and those for environmental justice and sustainable materialism matter just as much. Movements for global environmental justice and the environmentalism of the global poor, and radical summits, have taken radical green politics to different parts of the world and to the global stage. An eco-anarchist disposition is associated with social ecology, and some radicals seek to link green politics and socialism. Green radicalism takes on economics in “doughnut economics” and proposals for a “Green New Deal”.

Rice as an Early form of Money in the Economic Sense: Satisfying Store of Value, Unit of Account and Medium of Exchange Requirements

This article examines the special case of rice in different parts of the World, as it was used for an additional purpose, besides providing for nutritional needs of people. When confidence in a system of currency with coins is present, this more conventional form of money takes precedence. A respected economic form of currency which may include paper and coins or accounts thereof, has all three elements of money: a medium of exchange, a store of value and as a unit of account. In this article, the concept of value includes subjective value, what people have in terms of pleasure and displeasure in regard to owning and seeing a particular object. This article shows that rice satisfied the three requirements for serving as a form of money, at some time periods and in some areas of the World. It has been found that rice met the three criteria necessary for them to be a type of money, in history in different countries. Some examples include certain past time periods in parts of Indonesia, Greece, North America, Japan, and some other places. Although rice was later found to not work as well, compared to some other specific forms of money. Understanding how different forms of money appear and then are replaced by other forms of money is important in the quest to understand what exactly money is. Monetary theory concepts concerning Gresham’s Law and the Quantity Theory of Money are discussed in regard to using rice as money.

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One of the courses in D IV Informatics Engineering Department is Industrial Practices Work. This course is held to equip students of praxis in the world of software development. Unfortunately, so far the mechanism for implementing Industrial Practices Work is still in the conventional form. One of them is, for example, a student registers with the administration department of a study program, then requests a letter to be made to several software houses. In fact, sometimes the drafting of the request can be repeated in each group. This kind of process is very ineffective and slows down the performance of study programs. Therefore, through this research an information system was developed that could help to facilitate the implementation of Industrial Practices Work. The system development methodology used in this study is the waterfall method.

Jihad Poetry in the Age of the Crusades

The article examines how the pre-Islamic with its pagan tribal character could be transformed into a core component in Arabic Muslim religious literature. Indeed, it proved to be elastic enough to adapt itself to the realities of running a vast Muslim empire. Moreover, this conventional form of medieval Arab panegyric poetry came to be deployed as a political and religious tool in the monumental struggle between Western Christendom and the Muslim world at the time of the Crusades. To the state the obvious, jihad poetry is poetry in the service of religion. Its function mattered more at the time than its intrinsic quality. Jihad poetry was not the creation of Muslim poets as a response to their unprecedented contact with Western Christendom at the time of the Crusades. What we see in the twelfth and thirteenth century jihad poetry is in fact the easy and seamless transfer of earlier invective against Christian Byzantium to a new Christian target, the Crusaders. The Muslim poets who extolled the virtues of Nur al-Din, Saladin and their successors in the jihad do not belong in the pantheon of the greatest names of medieval Arabic poetry. But their verses resonate with the spirit of a period which would change the relationship between Christendom and the Muslim world and would harden the ideological battle lines between them. The jihad poetry gives us insights into the stereotypical way in which the Muslims viewed the Christian «other».

Constructions and the problem of discovery: A case for the paradigmatic

Much of the patterned use of language occupies a poorly charted middle ground of usages that are neither frozen, one-off items listable in dictionaries nor products of maximally general rules found in grammars. Similarly, these usages fly below the radar of modular theories of language that make a strict distinction between items in a lexicon and the rules of syntax for combining them. Early constructionist approaches showed this neglected territory to be teeming with conventional form-meaning pairings, i.e., lexico-grammatical constructions. While corpora have been seen as a source for investigating these constructions, they entail a fundamental but seldom-noted limitation: constructions are constituted by both syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, but corpora lack the paradigmatic dimension. Thus corpora can reveal multiword items but not the relations among them that constitute constructions. We elaborate on an alternative, illustrating how the design of an existing machine-readable language model affords discovery of lexico-grammatical constructions by capturing bottom up the relations they contract with other patterns. The network is noise-ridden, but we exploit the noise as the necessary background against which constructions can be set into relief and thus made discoverable.