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Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3276
Author(s):  
Kazeem Ajasa Badmus ◽  
Zulkifli Idrus ◽  
Goh Yong Meng ◽  
Kamalludin Mamat-Hamidi

This study was designed to examine the potentials of telomere length, mitochondria, and acute phase protein genes as novel biomarkers of gastrointestinal (GI) tract pathologies and meat quality traits. Chickens were fed a diet containing corticosterone (CORT) for 4 weeks and records on body weight, telomere length, GI tract and muscle histopathological test, meat quality traits, mitochondria, and acute phase protein genes were obtained at weeks 4 and 6 of age. The body weight of CORT-fed chickens was significantly suppressed (p < 0.05). CORT significantly altered the GI tract and meat quality traits. The interaction effect of CORT and age on body weight, duodenum and ileum crypt depth, pH, and meat color was significant (p < 0.05). CORT significantly (p < 0.05) shortened buffy coat telomere length. UCP3 and COX6A1 were diversely and significantly expressed in the muscle, liver, and heart of the CORT-fed chicken. Significant expression of SAAL1 and CRP in the liver and hypothalamus of the CORT-fed chickens was observed at week 4 and 6. Therefore, telomere lengths, mitochondria, and acute phase protein genes could be used as novel biomarkers for GI tract pathologies and meat quality traits.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
Reinaldo F Cooke

Abstract Feedlot receiving is one of the most critical phases within the beef production cycle, when cattle are exposed to several stress and health challenges that impact their welfare and productivity. These stressors include weaning, road transport, and commingling with different animals, which elicit adrenocortical and acute-phase protein responses known to impair cattle immunocompetence and growth. Accordingly, incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is elevated during feedlot receiving, despite efforts to minimize stress and vaccination protocols against BRD pathogens. With increased restrictions regarding the use of feed-grade antimicrobials in livestock systems, our research group has focused on developing management systems that minimize stress and enhance performance and immunity of receiving cattle. By providing all vaccines against BRD pathogens prior to feedlot entry, our group reported increased (P ≤ 0.05) vaccine efficacy, body weight (BW) gain, feed efficiency, and reduced BRD incidence during the receiving period compared to on-arrival or delayed vaccination. Reducing the number of cattle sources within receiving pens, as a manner to alleviate commingling stress, reduced (P = 0.04) the number of antimicrobials needed for cattle diagnosed with BRD to regain health. Administration of a bovine appeasing substance (BAS) to beef cattle at weaning alleviated (P ≤ 0.05) the resultant acute-phase protein response, enhanced humoral immunity against BRD pathogens, and improved BW gain during a 6-wk postweaning period. Likewise, BAS administration to steers upon feedlot arrival facilitated (P ≤ 0.05) early detection of BRD signs and lessened the BRD recurrence upon first antimicrobial treatment, resulting in improved (P ≤ 0.05) BW gain and feed efficiency during a 45-d receiving period. Collective, vaccinating cattle against BRD prior to feedlot arrival, reducing the number of cattle sources within receiving pens, and the use of BAS during stressful events are favorable strategies to enhance performance and immunity of feedlot cattle.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Reinaldo F Cooke

Abstract Feedlot receiving is one of the most critical phases within the beef production cycle, when cattle are exposed to several stress and health challenges that impact their welfare and productivity. These stressors include weaning, road transport, and commingling with different animals, which elicit adrenocortical and acute-phase protein responses known to impair cattle immunocompetence and growth. Accordingly, incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is elevated during feedlot receiving, despite efforts to minimize stress and vaccination protocols against BRD pathogens. With increased restrictions regarding the use of feed-grade antimicrobials in livestock systems, our research group has focused on developing management systems that minimize stress and enhance performance and immunity of receiving cattle. By providing all vaccines against BRD pathogens prior to feedlot entry, our group reported increased (P ≤ 0.05) vaccine efficacy, body weight (BW) gain, feed efficiency, and reduced BRD incidence during the receiving period compared to on-arrival or delayed vaccination. Reducing the number of cattle sources within receiving pens, as a manner to alleviate commingling stress, reduced (P = 0.04) the number of antimicrobials needed for cattle diagnosed with BRD to regain health. Administration of a bovine appeasing substance (BAS) to beef cattle at weaning alleviated (P ≤ 0.05) the resultant acute-phase protein response, enhanced humoral immunity against BRD pathogens, and improved BW gain during a 6-wk postweaning period. Likewise, BAS administration to steers upon feedlot arrival facilitated (P ≤ 0.05) early detection of BRD signs and lessened the BRD recurrence upon first antimicrobial treatment, resulting in improved (P ≤ 0.05) BW gain and feed efficiency during a 45-d receiving period. Collective, vaccinating cattle against BRD prior to feedlot arrival, reducing the number of cattle sources within receiving pens, and the use of BAS during stressful events are favorable strategies to enhance performance and immunity of feedlot cattle.


Author(s):  
Katherine R VanValin ◽  
Remy N Carmichael-Wyatt ◽  
Erin L Deters ◽  
Elizabeth M Messersmith ◽  
Katie J Heiderscheit ◽  
...  

Abstract To assess plasma trace mineral (TM) concentrations, the acute phase protein response, and behavior in response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, 96 Angus cross steers [average initial body weight (BW): 285 ± 14.4 kg] were sorted into two groups by BW (heavy and light; n = 48/group), fitted with an ear-tag based accelerometer (CowManager SensOor; Agis, Harmelen, Netherlands), and stagger started 14 d apart. Consecutive day BW were recorded to start the 24-d trial (d -1, 0). Dietary treatments began on d 0: common diet with either 30 (Zn30) or 100 (Zn100) mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (ZnSO4). On day 17 steers received one of the following injection treatments intravenously to complete the 2 × 3 factorial: 1) SALINE (~2-3 mL of physiological saline), 2) LOWLPS: 0.25 µg LPS/kg BW or 3) HIGHLPS: 0.375 µg LPS/kg BW. Blood, rectal temperature (RT), and BW were recorded on d 16 (-24 h relative to injection), and BW was used to assign injection treatment. Approximately 6, 24 (d 18), and 48 (d 19) h after treatment BW, RT, and blood were collected, and final BW recorded on d 24. Data were analyzed in Proc Mixed of SAS with fixed effects of diet, injection, diet × injection; for BW, RT, dry matter intake (DMI), plasma TM, and haptoglobin repeated measures analysis was used to evaluate effects over time. Area under the curve analysis determined by GraphPad Prism was used for analysis of accelerometer data. Body weight was unaffected by diet or injection (P ≥ 0.16), but there was an injection × time effect for DMI and RT (P &lt; 0.05), where DMI decreased in both LPS treatments on d 16, but recovered by d 17, and RT was increased in LPS treatments 6 h post-injection. Steers receiving LPS spent less time highly active and eating than SALINE (P &lt; 0.01). Steers in HIGHLPS spent lesser time ruminating, followed by LOWLPS and then SALINE (P &lt; 0.001). An injection × time effect (P &lt; 0.001) for plasma Zn showed decreased concentrations within 6 h of injection and remained decreased through 24 h before recovering by 48 h. A tendency for a diet × time effect (P = 0.06) on plasma Zn suggests plasma Zn repletion occurred at a greater rate in Zn100 compared to Zn30. These results suggest increased supplemental Zn may alter rate of recovery of Zn status from an acute inflammatory event. Additionally, ear-tag-based accelerometers used in this study were effective at detecting sickness behavior in feedlot steers, and rumination may be more sensitive than other variables.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e002179
Author(s):  
Elisa Baldelli ◽  
K Alex Hodge ◽  
Guido Bellezza ◽  
Neil J Shah ◽  
Guido Gambara ◽  
...  

BackgroundAnti-programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) agents are broadly used in first-line and second-line treatment across different tumor types. While immunohistochemistry-based assays are routinely used to assess PD-L1 expression, their clinical utility remains controversial due to the partial predictive value and lack of standardized cut-offs across antibody clones. Using a high throughput immunoassay, the reverse phase protein microarray (RPPA), coupled with a fluorescence-based detection system, this study compared the performance of six anti-PD-L1 antibody clones on 666 tumor samples.MethodsPD-L1 expression was measured using five antibody clones (22C3, 28–8, CAL10, E1L3N and SP142) and the therapeutic antibody atezolizumab on 222 lung, 71 ovarian, 52 prostate and 267 breast cancers, and 54 metastatic lesions. To capture clinically relevant variables, our cohort included frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples, surgical specimens and core needle biopsies. Pure tumor epithelia were isolated using laser capture microdissection from 602 samples. Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess concordance between antibody clones. For two independent cohorts of patients with lung cancer treated with nivolumab, RPPA-based PD-L1 measurements were examined along with response to treatment.ResultsMedian-center PD-L1 dynamic ranged from 0.01 to 39.37 across antibody clones. Correlation coefficients between the six antibody clones were heterogeneous (range: −0.48 to 0.95) and below 0.50 in 61% of the comparisons. In nivolumab-treated patients, RPPA-based measurement identified a subgroup of tumors, where low PD-L1 expression equated to lack of response.ConclusionsContinuous RPPA-based measurements capture a broad dynamic range of PD-L1 expression in human specimens and heterogeneous concordance levels between antibody clones. This high throughput immunoassay can potentially identify subgroups of tumors in which low expression of PD-L1 equates to lack of response to treatment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 321 (4) ◽  
pp. L726-L733
Author(s):  
Stephanie Guardado ◽  
Daniel Ojeda-Juárez ◽  
Marcus Kaul ◽  
Tara M. Nordgren

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an inflammatory mediator best known for its role as an innate acute-phase protein. LCN2 mediates the innate immune response to pathogens by sequestering iron, thereby inhibiting pathogen growth. Although LCN2 and its bacteriostatic properties are well studied, other LCN2 functions in the immune response to inflammatory stimuli are less well understood, such as its role as a chemoattractant and involvement in the regulation of cell migration and apoptosis. In the lungs, most studies thus far investigating the role of LCN2 in the immune response have looked at pathogenic inflammatory stimuli. Here, we compile data that explore the role of LCN2 in the immune response to various inflammatory stimuli in an effort to differentiate between protective versus detrimental roles of LCN2.


2021 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
S. V. Orlova ◽  
E. A. Nikitina ◽  
E. V. Prokopenko ◽  
L. Yu. Volkova ◽  
A. N. Vodolazkaya

Thousands of studies have been conducted to study the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, its infectious properties, transmission routes and all associated with the clinical manifestations and severity of COVID-19, especially with potential treatments. Lactoferrin is a member of the transferrin family, which is synthesized by epithelial cells of mammalian internal glands and is widely present in various secretory fluids such as milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions. Lactoferrin is one of the components of the innate humoral immunity, regulates the functions of immunocompetent cells and is a acute phase protein. Lactoferrin has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review assesses the possibility of using lactoferrin as a supplement in immunocorrective therapy programs for viral diseases, including the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19.


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