Intensification of cooling in a batch reactor with an exothermic reaction by nonisothermal control in stable pseudostationary states

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 2566-2578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Horák ◽  
Petr Beránek ◽  
Dagmar Maršálková
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Adaptive Parameter ◽  
Zero Order Reaction ◽  
Set Up

An algorithm is set up and tested for the temperature control of a batch reactor consisting in jump changes in the inlet temperature of entering coolant. This temperature is so chosen that its difference from the temperature of the reaction mixture is near the highest difference at which the stable pseudostationary state of the system still exists. For the prediction of the new coolant inlet temperature, a zero-order reaction model is used with an adaptive parameter estimated from the experimentally established value of the maximum of the reaction mixture overheating at the previous coolant temperature.

Nonisothermal control of a batch reactor with exothermic reaction using a mathematical model

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1268-1278
Author(s):  
Josef Horák ◽  
Petr Beránek ◽  
Dagmar Maršálková
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
A Value ◽  
Total Model

A method of nonisothermal control of a batch reactor with exothermic reaction is suggested and tested. The control algorithm is based on jump changes in the inlet temperature of coolant, which is chosen so that the highest difference between the temperature of the reaction mixture and the temperature of entering coolant is held at a value near the highest temperature difference at which the stable pseudostationary state still exists. A total model of the system is used for the prediction of the entering coolant temperature.

The Characteristics and Kinetics of 4-CP with Pb2+ Biodegradation by Fusarium sp.

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 2506-2509
Author(s):  
Xiao Xiao Wang ◽  
Xiao Qin Yu ◽  
Jun Ya Pan ◽  
Ji Wu Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Biodegradation Rate ◽  
Reaction Equation ◽  
Zero Order Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Additional Carbon Source

The effects of Pb2+concentration, pH and additional carbon source on biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) byFusariumsp. were investigated, and the characteristic and kinetic of 4-CP biodegradation were analyzed. It was concluded that 4-CP biodegradation rate byFusariumsp. decreased a little at concentration of Pb2+0.20 mg/L and 4-CP 50 mg/L. The suitable biodegradation pH was range from 6 to 7. Additional carbon source (phenol) might increase the rate of 4-CP biodegradation. The kinetic equations of 4-CP biodegradation were well accord with the zero order reaction equation at different concentration of Pb2+.

scholarly journals Akinetic model for the consumption of stabilizer in single base gun propellants

2002 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Jelisavac ◽  
Milos Filipovic
Keyword(s):  
Life Time ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Single Base ◽  
First Order ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Zero Order Reaction ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Gun Propellants

A suitable kinetic model for the consumption of stabilizer (diphenylamine) in single base gun propellants was investigated and successfully verified. The model assumes that a reaction of shifting order can be applied for the consumption of diphenylamine in single base gun propellants. It was found that the experimental data were well evaluated by a first-order reaction at high concentrations of diphenylamine in the propellant, but by a zero-order reaction at low concentrations during the final phase of the propellant life time. The mechanism of diphenylamine depletion was discussed with relation to the model and the ageing behavior of the propellants. The kinetic parameters of this model, which permit the calculation of the time up to complete consumption of the diphenylamine, were determined. The results were compared with the kinetic data obtained by a widely accepted model, which combines formally reactions of first and zero order, designated as an "exponential and linear" model. All comparisons gave satisfactory agreement.

Enzymatic assay of magnesium through glucokinase activation.

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 2212-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Fossati ◽  
M Sirtoli ◽  
G Tarenghi ◽  
M Giachetti ◽  
G Berti
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Good Sensitivity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
Zero Order Reaction ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Abstract We describe an improved enzymatic method for assaying magnesium in serum, plasma, or urine. Magnesium participates as an Mg.ATP complex in a reaction catalyzed by glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2) coupled to an NADP+-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) reaction. The increase of absorbance at 340 nm, due to the NADPH produced, is proportional to the amount of the activated glucokinase, which in turn is related to the concentration of magnesium in the sample. The method is characterized by a zero-order reaction kinetics, affording a simple and rapid assay with good sensitivity and linearity (up to 2.06 mmol/L) and by working solutions that are stable (refrigerated) for one month. The method is reliable, produces test results that compare closely with those of the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (r greater than or equal to 0.99), is suitable for routine work, and lends itself to automation.

Pseudo-Homogenous Kinetics Model for the Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Urea and Methanol with Heterogeneous Catalyst

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 481-486
Author(s):  
Wen Bo Zhao ◽  
Ning Zhao ◽  
Fu Kui Xiao ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Activation Energy ◽  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Side Reaction ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Kinetics Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Zero Order Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of

The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from urea and methanol includes two main reactions: one amino of urea is substituted by methoxy to produce the intermediate methyl carbamate (MC) which further converts to DMC via reaction with methanol again. In a stainless steel autoclave, the kinetics of these reactions was separately investigated without catalyst and with Zn-containing catalyst. Without catalyst, for the first reaction, the reaction kinetics can be described as first order with respect to the concentrations of methanol and methyl carbamate (MC), respectively. For the second reaction, the results exhibit characteristics of zero-order reaction. Over Zn-containing catalyst, the first reaction is neglected in the kinetics model since its rate is much faster than second reaction. After the optimization of reaction condition, the macro-kinetic parameters of the second reaction are obtained by fitting the experimental data to a pseudo-homogenous model, in which a side reaction of DMC synthesis is incorporated since it decreases the yield of DMC drastically at high temperature. The activation energy of the reaction from MC to DMC is 104 KJ/mol while that of the side reaction of DMC is 135 KJ/mol.

Kinetic assay of human pepsin with albumin-bromphenol blue as substrate.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Gray ◽  
J A Billings
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Method ◽  
Homogeneous Solution ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Bromphenol Blue ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Kinetic Assay ◽  
Pepsin Activity ◽  
Zero Order Reaction

Abstract A novel substrate, albumin complexed with bromphenol blue, has been developed for the assay of human gastric juice pepsin by a kinetic method in the Cobas centrifugal analyzer. The action of pepsin on the complex degrades the albumin and releases the dye. The change in the color of the substrate is a zero-order reaction. Human and porcine pepsin have different Km's with the new substrate. This kinetic method has a throughput of 28 tests in approximately 10 min and good precision (CV = 2.0%). Other advantages are analysis in homogeneous solution (thereby eliminating the need to separate substrate and products), lack of interference from bilirubin or phenol red, and the expression of pepsin activity in IUB enzyme units.

Biodegradation Kinetics of Phenols in an Aerobic Biofilm at Low Concentrations

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 1375-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Arvin ◽  
Bjørn K. Jensen ◽  
Anders Torp Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Degradation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Aerobic Biodegradation ◽  
Maximum Capacity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Zero Order Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of

Aerobic biodegradation of the phenols: phenol, 2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 3,5-dimethylphenol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol was studied in a biofilm reactor to establish kinetic constants under conditions where the phenols were the sole carbon sources. Phenol concentrations were very low, in the µg/l concentration range. 2,4,6-trimethylphenol was not degraded. The degradation of the other phenols was 1'st order at concentrations in the bulk phase below 20-50 µg/l. Zero order reaction seemed to govern the reaction above 200 µg/l. The l'st order rate constants are 3-30 times higher than the constants calculated for easily degradable organic compounds degraded at 100-1000 times higher concentrations (mg/l range). However, the maximum phenol utilization rates and the Monod constants were much lower compared with constants obtained for the microorganisms grown in the mg/l concentration range. The Monod constant was about 100 times lower. The removal of “total biodegradable phenol” (TB-phenol) was very similar to the removal of a specific compound. The degradation of TB-phenol was l'st order at concentrations below 200 µg/l. When the total biodegradable phenol degradation is near its maximum capacity (o'order reaction) there was a preferential degradation of the most easily degradable phenols, phenol and 2-methylphenol, leading to an apparent inhibition of the degradation of the more slowly degradable phenols, in particular 2,4-dimethylphenol and 3,5-dimethylphenol.

Photodegradation of Phenol on Halogen-Doping TiO2 Nanoparticles Composites in Seawater

2011 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Chang Deng ◽  
Jie Zhen Hu ◽  
Hai Zeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Phenol Degradation ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Hydrothermal Route ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Zero Order Reaction ◽  
Halogen Doping

Halogen-doping TiO2 (X/TiO2) have been prepared through a mild hydrothermal route. Using X/TiO2 as the photocatalyst, photodegradation of phenol was observed both in freshwater and seawater. The degradation velocity of phenol in seawater is smaller than it in freshwater. The phenol degradation is influenced by the photocatalyst dosage and pH of seawater. The chemical reaction of the photocatalytic degradation phenol is the zero order reaction. The influence of phenol initial concentration on its degradation velocity is small.

scholarly journals Discussion of zero-order reaction multiplicity.

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-161
Author(s):  
GORDANA M. CIRIC-MATIJEVIC ◽  
RATOMIR N. PAUNOVIC
Keyword(s):  
Order Reaction ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Zero Order Reaction
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