Genes, environments and depressions in young people

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1064-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M Goodyer
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Among the common mental illnesses in childhood and adolescence, the unipolar depressions are the most concerning. These mental illnesses are aetiologically and clinically heterogeneous and little is known about their pathophysiology. This selected review considers the contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the emergence of these illnesses in the second decade of life.

A Behavioral Genetic Analysis of Alexithymia and the Dark Triad Traits of Personality

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 690-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Cairncross ◽  
Livia Veselka ◽  
Julie Aitken Schermer ◽  
Philip A. Vernon
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
American Adult ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

The present study is the first to assess phenotypic correlations between alexithymia and the Dark Triad traits of personality in a community sample, as well as the common genetic and environmental factors underlying these correlations. Participants were 232 North American adult twin pairs who completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, the MACH-IV, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results revealed that alexithymia correlates significantly and positively with psychopathy and Machiavellianism, and negatively with narcissism. Subsequent bivariate behavioral genetic analysis demonstrated that these phenotypic correlations were primarily attributable to common genetic and common non-shared environmental factors. The implication of these findings regarding the maladaptive functions of alexithymia within the antisocial realm of behavior and the need for replication are discussed.

scholarly journals Aetiological Influences on Stability and Change in Emotional and Behavioural Problems across Development: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol a4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Hannigan ◽  
N. Walaker ◽  
M.A. Waszczuk ◽  
T.A. McAdams ◽  
T.C. Eley
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Adolescent Psychopathology ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Emotional And Behavioural Problems ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Emotional and behavioural problems in childhood and adolescence can be chronic and are predictive of future psychiatric problems. Understanding what factors drive the development and maintenance of these problems is therefore crucial. Longitudinal behavioural genetic studies using twin, sibling or adoption data can be used to explore the developmental aetiology of stability and change in childhood and adolescent psychopathology. We present a systematic review of longitudinal, behavioural genetic analyses of emotional and behavioural problems between ages 0 to 18 years. We identified 58 studies, of which 19 examined emotional problems, 30 examined behavioural problems, and 9 examined both. In the majority of studies, stability in emotional and behavioural problems was primarily genetically influenced. Stable environmental factors were also widely found, although these typically played a smaller role. Both genetic and environmental factors were involved in change across development. We discuss the findings in the context of the wider developmental literature and make recommendations for future research.

A twin study of antisocial and neurotic symptoms in childhood

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1111-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Thapar ◽  
Peter McGuffin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Variance Explained

SynopsisThere is some evidence to suggest that the role of genetic and environmental influences may vary for different types of psychiatric symptoms in childhood. The aim of this study was to examine to what extent genetic and environmental factors influence parent-rated conduct and neurotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence, using data obtained from a systematically ascertained sample of twins (198 same sex pairs) aged between 8 and 16 years. For symptoms of antisocial behaviour, transmission could be explained entirely by shared environmental factors. Social class effects were also found to have a significant influence on antisocial behaviour, although these effects only accounted for a small proportion of the variance explained by shared environmental factors. In contrast, transmission of neurotic symptoms was best explained by additive genetic influences alone with no contribution from shared environment. Non-shared environmental factors accounted for a substantial component of the variation for both antisocial behaviour and neurotic symptoms.

A Twin Study of Depressive Symptoms in Childhood

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Thapar ◽  
Peter McGuffin
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Overall Response Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Epidemiological Sample ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Background.Although depression in childhood appears to be familial, transmission of symptoms could be genetic or environmental. Twin studies enable us to separate these effects. Our aim was to assess the importance of genetic and environmental factors on depressive symptoms during childhood and adolescence in an epidemiological sample of twins.Method.Questionnaires (including the Mood and Feelings questionnaire) were mailed to a systematically ascertained sample (411 twin pairs) aged between 8 and 16 years. The overall response rate was 77%.Results.Data for the whole sample were best explained by an additive genetic model, with heritability of depressive symptom scores estimated at 79%. However, on splitting the sample, symptoms in children (aged 8 to 11) could be explained by shared environmental factors only, while symptoms in adolescents (aged 11 to 16) remained highly heritable.Conclusions.The results suggest that although depressive symptoms appear to be largely heritable, the influence of genetic and environmental factors may vary with age.

scholarly journals Effect of Genetic and Environmental Factors on the Impaction of Lower Third Molars

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1824
Author(s):  
Giedrė Trakinienė ◽  
Dalia Smailienė ◽  
Kristina Lopatienė ◽  
Tomas Trakinis ◽  
Antanas Šidlauskas
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Third Molar Eruption

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of genetic and environmental factors on the impaction of lower third molars using a classical twin study by evaluation of the third molar eruption space and M3 angulation. The study group consisted of 212 twins: 80 dizygotic and 132 monozygotic twins with digital panoramic radiograms and lateral cephalograms. The zygosity of twins was determined using 15 highly polymorphic DNA regions from the venous blood of twins. The results showed that differences between siblings in the dizygotic and monozygotic twin pairs were not statistically significant. The most fitting model for the angulations of lower third molars was AE (additive genetic and specific environmental effect), where the additive genetic factors had up to 88% influence and the specific environment up to 27%. Therefore, the ACE( additive genetic, common and specific environmental effect), model showed higher significance for the lower third molar eruption level where additive genetic estimates reached 71%, a specific environment contributed up to 15% and the common environment reached 32%. The conclusion was that a considerable proportion of the third molar impaction could be attributed to additive genetic effects and the common environment, whereas the specific environment had a lower, but significant impact.

Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Baran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

AbstractReductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.

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