Infographic. The effect of high-speed running on hamstring strain injury risk

AbstractThe Nordic Hamstring exercise reduces hamstring strain injuries in football and other sports, but the exercise is not well adopted in practice. Barriers from practitioners include fear of performance decrements, due to lack of specificity of the exercise with high speed running. However, in theory, increased eccentric hamstring strength could transfer to faster sprinting due to higher horizontal force production. Studies on the effect of the Nordic Hamstring exercise on performance have been conflicting and no synthesis of the evidence exists. We therefore pose the following question: does including the Nordic Hamstring exercise hamper sprint or jump performance in athletes? We will answer this question by performing a systematic review of the literature, critically appraise relevant studies, and GRADE the evidence across key outcomes and perform meta-analyses, meta-regression and subgroup analyses. In this protocol we outline the planned methods and procedures.Progress reportBesides this protocol, our data extraction form and the process of data extraction has been piloted on 3 relevant studies, along with familiarization with the Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. We have also comprised a preliminary search strategy for PubMed.Supplementary filesData Extraction Form (.pdf)Populated PRISMA-P checklist (.pdf)

Download Full-text

Mechanisms of Hamstring Strain Injury: Interactions between Fatigue, Muscle Activation and Function

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports8050065 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 65 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shaun Huygaerts ◽

Francesc Cos ◽

Daniel D. Cohen ◽

Julio Calleja-González ◽

Marc Guitart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Injury Mechanism ◽

Hamstring Injury ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Hamstring Muscle ◽

Hamstring Strain ◽

And Function

Isolated injury to the long head of biceps femoris is the most common type of acute hamstring strain injury (HSI). However, the precise hamstring injury mechanism (i.e., sprint-type) is still not well understood, and research is inconclusive as to which phase in the running cycle HSI risk is the greatest. Since detailed information relating to hamstring muscle function during sprint running cannot be obtained in vivo in humans, the findings of studies investigating HSI mechanisms are based on modeling that requires assumptions to be made based on extrapolations from anatomical and biomechanical investigations. As it is extremely difficult to account for all aspects of muscle-tendon tissues that influence function during high-intensity running actions, much of this complexity is not included in these models. Furthermore, the majority of analyses do not consider the influence of prior activity or muscular fatigue on kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation during sprinting. Yet, it has been shown that fatigue can lead to alterations in neuromuscular coordination patterns that could potentially increase injury risk. The present critical review will evaluate the current evidence on hamstring injury mechanism(s) during high-intensity running and discuss the interactions between fatigue and hamstring muscle activation and function.

Download Full-text

We know they train, but what do they do? Implications for coaches working with adolescent rugby union players

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954117694734 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 175-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Padraic J Phibbs ◽

Ben Jones ◽

Gregory AB Roe ◽

Dale B Read ◽

Joshua Darrall-Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Speed ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rugby Union ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Limited Information ◽

Positioning Systems ◽

Global Positioning ◽

School Club

Limited information is available regarding the training loads of adolescent rugby union players. One-hundred and seventy male players (age 16.1 ± 1.0 years) were recruited from 10 teams representing two age categories (under-16 and under-18) and three playing standards (school, club and academy). Global positioning systems, accelerometers, heart rate and session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) methods were used to quantify mean session training loads. Session demands differed between age categories and playing standards. Under-18 academy players were exposed to the highest session training loads in terms of s-RPE (236 ± 42 AU), total distance (4176 ± 433 m), high speed running (1270 ± 288 m) and PlayerLoad™ (424 ± 56 AU). Schools players had the lowest session training loads in both respective age categories. Training loads and intensities increased with age and playing standard. Individual monitoring of training load is key to enable coaches to maximise player development and minimise injury risk.

Download Full-text

Impact of organization on occupational injury risk: Evidence from high-speed railway construction

American Journal of Industrial Medicine ◽

10.1002/ajim.20939 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 428-437 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Antonella Bena ◽

Paola Berchialla ◽

Maria Luisa Debernardi ◽

Osvaldo Pasqualini ◽

Elena Farina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Occupational Injury ◽

High Speed Railway ◽

Railway Construction

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Hamstring Strain Injury Risk Factors in Professional and Under-20 Male Football (Soccer) Players

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2018-0084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 339-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

João Breno Ribeiro-Alvares ◽

Maurício Pinto Dornelles ◽

Carolina Gassen Fritsch ◽

Felipe Xavier de Lima-e-Silva ◽

Thales Menezes Medeiros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Core Stability ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Football Players ◽

Fascicle Length ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hamstring Strain ◽

Functional Movements

Context: Hamstring strain injury (HSI) is the most prevalent injury in football (soccer), and a few intrinsic factors have been associated with higher injury rates. Objective: To describe the prevalence of the main intrinsic risk factors for HSI in professional and under-20 football players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Physiotherapy laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (Brazil). Participants: A total of 101 football players (52 professional and 49 under-20 players). Intervention: An evidence-based testing protocol for screening HSI risk factors. Main Outcome Measures: Anamnesis, ultrasonography of the hamstrings, passive straight-leg raise test, Functional Movement Screen, and isokinetic dynamometry were performed. Eleven HSI risk factors for each leg were assessed, besides the player’s age as a systemic risk factor. Reports were delivered to the coaching staff. Results: Professionals had greater prevalence of HSI history compared with under-20 players (40% vs 18%). No between-group differences were found for the other screening tests. Altogether, 30% of players had already sustained at least one HSI; 58% had a history of injuries in adjacent regions; 49% had short biceps femoris fascicles; 66% and 21% had poor passive and active flexibility, respectively; 42% and 29% had deficits in functional movements and core stability, respectively; 7% and 26% presented bilateral imbalance for hamstring concentric and eccentric strength, respectively; 87% and 94% obtained low values for hamstring-to-quadriceps conventional and functional ratios, respectively. Two-thirds of players had 3 to 5 risk factors per leg. None of the players was fully free of HSI risk factors. Conclusion: Most football players present multiple risk factors for sustaining an HSI. Hamstring weakness is the most prevalent risk factor, but the teams should also be aware of deficits in flexibility, core stability, functional movements, and hamstring fascicle length.

Download Full-text

Match High-Speed Running Distances Are Often Suppressed After Return From Hamstring Strain Injury in Professional Footballers

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/1941738120964456 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 194173812096445

Author(s):

Rodney Whiteley ◽

Andrew Massey ◽

Tim Gabbett ◽

Peter Blanch ◽

Matthew Cameron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Rugby Union ◽

Return To Play ◽

Hamstring Injury ◽

Professional Football ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Post Injury ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Running Performance ◽

Hamstring Strain

Background: High-speed running is commonly implicated in the genesis of hamstring injury. The success of hamstring injury management is typically quantified by the duration of time loss or reinjury rate. These metrics do not consider any loss in performance after returning to play from hamstring injury. It is not known to what extent high-speed running is altered on return to play after such injury. Hypothesis: Match high-speed running distance will change after returning from hamstring injury. Study Design: Non-randomized cohort. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Match high-speed running distance in highest level professional football (soccer, Rugby League, Rugby Union, and Australian Rules) were examined for a minimum of 5 games prior and subsequent to hamstring strain injury for individual differences using a linear regression models approach. A total of 22 injuries in 15 players were available for analysis. Results: Preinjury cumulative high-speed running distances were strongly correlated for each individual ( r2 = 0.92-1.0; P < 0.0001). Pre- and postinjury high-speed running data were available for a median of 15 matches (range, 6-15). Variance from the preinjury high-speed running distance was significantly less ( P = 0.0005) than the post injury values suggesting a suppression of high-speed running distance after returning from injury. On return to play, 7 of the 15 players showed a sustained absolute reduction in preinjury high-speed running distance, 7 showed no change, and 1 player (only) showed an increase. Analysis of subsequent (second and third injury) return to play showed no differences to return from the index injury. Conclusion: Return to play was not associated with return to high-speed running performance for nearly half of the players examined, although the same number showed no difference. Persisting deficits in match high-speed running may exist for many players after hamstring strain injury. Clinical Relevance: Returning to play does not mean returning to (high-speed running) performance for nearly half of the high-level professional football players examined in this study. This suggests that successful return to play metrics should be expanded from simple time taken and recurrence to include performance.

Download Full-text

A Unified Laboratory and Field Testing Approach of Marine Shock Mitigating Seats

10.5957/smc-2014-t44 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Mark D. Lougheed ◽

James Canova

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Mechanical Vibration ◽

Whole Body Vibration ◽

Field Testing ◽

Whole Body ◽

Planing Craft ◽

Shock Testing ◽

Severity Of Injury ◽

Iso 2631

Marine shock mitigating seats have been shown to reduce fatigue and decrease the likelihood and severity of injury of seated persons –particularly when installed aboard high speed commercial or combatant planing craft. Not so clear is how the performance of such seating systems are characterized so informed decisions can be made as to which seats perform best in specific conditions. Standards do exist to help quantify the injury risks associated with exposure to repeated shock and whole body vibration. However, such methods are field test based and the results somewhat difficult to understand. Work by the authors is presented from their experiences in characterizing seat performance to different standards includingSed8(ISO 2631-5,1997), UK Ministry of Defense Protocol 1 (UK MoD, 2014) as well as members sitting on the new ISO TC108/SC4/WG18 subcommittee on Human Exposure to Mechanical Vibration and Shock, Testing of Shock Mitigating Marine Seats. A new method is presented that allows for results obtained by both field and laboratory seat testing to be related to injury risk and compared equally in meaningful, understandable and objective ways.

Download Full-text