scholarly journals Musculoskeletal injury in military Special Operations Forces: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjmilitary-2020-001692
Author(s):  
Joanne Stannard ◽  
L Fortington
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Injury Frequency ◽  
Special Operations Forces ◽  
Injury Causation

IntroductionSpecial Operations Forces conduct military activities using specialised and unconventional techniques that offer a unique and complementary capability to conventional forces. These activities expose Special Operations Forces personnel to different injury risks in comparison with personnel in the conventional forces. Consequently, different injury patterns are expected in this population. The purpose of this research is to establish high-level evidence informing what is known about musculoskeletal injury epidemiology in Special Operations Forces.MethodsA systematic review was conducted using three online databases to identify original studies reporting musculoskeletal injury data in Special Operations Forces. A critical appraisal tool was applied to all included studies. Descriptive data were extracted for demographics, study design details and injuries (eg, injury frequency, injury type, body part injured, activity, mechanism, severity). Results were narratively synthesised.ResultsTwenty-one studies were included. Trainees conducting qualification training had the highest injury frequency, up to 68% injured in a training period. The ankle, knee and lumbar spine were the most common body parts affected. Parachuting caused the most severe injuries. Physical training was the most common activity causing injury, accounting for up to 80% of injuries. Running and lifting were common injury mechanisms. Injury causation information was frequently not reported. Partially validated surveillance methods limited many studies.ConclusionsInjuries are prevalent in Special Operation Forces. Future research should prioritise identifying injury causation information that supports prevention. Focus on improving surveillance methods to enhance the accuracy and comparison of results across cohorts is also recommended.

Covert Action, Pentagon Style

2010 ◽  
pp. 568-586
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Kibbe
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Center ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
Covert Action ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Special Operations Forces ◽  
Trade Center

Until September 11, 2001, covert action has long been the province of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center have not only given Washington a new enemy but changed its conception of how to fight the enemy. The change in the conception of fighting the enemy led to the newfound emphasis on Special Operations Forces (SOF). And since 9/11, the SOF's resources have increased dramatically and SOF has become an increasingly important weapon in the U.S. national security arsenal. This article attempts to draw the disparate strands in covert action together while mapping the way forward for future research. It also discusses the nature of SOF and the various sources of confusion in analyzing them. It also discusses the myriad ways in which the SOF's size and authority have expanded since the September 11 attack and considers the different types of risks that are posed by the expansion. The article concludes with a discussion on the future directions that research in the field should take.

Prospective analysis of surfing and bodyboard injuries

Trauma ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Dimmick ◽  
Mark Gillett ◽  
Craig Buchan ◽  
Patrick Sheehan ◽  
Michelle Franks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Spinal Fractures ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Facial Fractures ◽  
Hospital Emergency ◽  
Hospital Emergency Departments

Objective To assess the differences in the types of injuries sustained by surfboard and bodyboard riders and to identify common mechanisms of injury. Methods Subjects were prospectively recruited to the study on presentation to one of the six hospital emergency departments. Consented subjects completed a questionnaire while in the emergency departments. Data regarding radiological investigations undertaken and their findings were collected retrospectively. Results A total of 224 males and 28 females in the surfing group and 14 males in the bodyboard group were recruited. In surfers, the most common injured body parts were the head/face (115; 45.6%) and lower limb (69; 27.4%). Surfers were most commonly injured by a surfboard, either their own (178; 70.6%) or someone else’s (18; 7.1%). Unfortunately, the small number of subjects recruited to the bodyboard group precluded meaningful comparison with the surfing group. Conclusions The most common body part injured in surfers is the head/face compared with the lower limbs in bodyboard riders. Contact with a surfer’s board (most commonly their own) is the most common cause of injury. Significant spinal fractures/injuries are sustained when the surfer (usually their head) strikes the seafloor. Head and facial fractures occur when the surfer is struck by their own board. Future research into surfboard design which incorporates softer compounds into the deck, rail, and fins is recommended. The need for local authorities and surf lifesavers to disseminate information relating to specific beaches to the general public regarding surf conditions, water depth, and the nature of the seafloor is also essential for injury prevention.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of the Research on Morphological Modularity

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja Esteve-Altava
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Objective View ◽  
Evolution Understanding

The modular organization of the phenotype is an emergent property that derives from a semi-independent relation of body parts in their inheritance, development, function, and evolution. Understanding the modular organization of living beings is essential to understand the evolvability and plasticity of organismal form, and how morphological variation is structured during evolution and development. For this reason, delimiting morphological modules and establishing the factors originating them is a lively field of inquiry in biology today. However, unifying the results of the available body of knowledge is a challenge because of the large number of species studied and the disparity of morphological system, from the flower of angiosperms to the wing of insects and the head of primates (to name a few). The specific factors behind each pattern of modularity and the methods used to identify vary widely as well. This review summarizes more than 190 original research articles since 1958, in order to get a quantitative appraisal on what is studied, how is studied, and how results are explained. The results reveal an heterogeneous picture, where some taxa, systems, and approaches are over-studied, while others receive minor attention; other major trends and gaps in the study of morphological modularity through time are also discussed. In sum, this systematic review seeks to offer an objective view of this research field and highlight future research niches.

Severe Injuries in Football Players

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Chomiak ◽  
Astrid Junge ◽  
Lars Peterson ◽  
Jiri Dvorak
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Playing Field

The aims of this prospective study were to analyze factors related to the occurrence of severe football injuries in players of different ages (14 to 42 years) and different skill levels (local teams to first league teams). In the Czech Republic, 398 players were followed up for 1 year, during which time they sustained 686 injuries. Of these, 113 (16.5%) were severe injuries. Ninety-seven severe injuries (86%) were able to be documented in detail. Trauma was the cause of 81.5% of the injuries and overuse was the cause of 18.5%. Joint sprains predominated (30%), followed by fractures (16%), muscle strains (15%), ligament ruptures (12%), meniscal tears and contusions (8%), and other injuries. Injuries to the knee were most prevalent (29%), followed by injuries to the ankle (19%) and spine (9%). More injuries occurred during games (59%) than in practice. Twenty-four percent of the injured players had suffered a previous injury of the same body part. Forty-six percent of injuries were caused by contact and 54% involved no body contact. Thirty-one percent of severe injuries were caused by foul play. From these results and the analysis of injuries in specific body parts, the following factors were determined to influence the occurrence of severe injuries: 1) personal factors (intrinsic): age of player, previous injuries, joint instability, abnormality of the spine, poor physical condition, poor football skills, or inadequate treatment and rehabilitation of injuries; 2) environmental factors (extrinsic): subjective exercise overload during practices and games, amount and quality of training, playing field conditions, equipment (wearing of shin guards and taping) and violations of existing rules (foul play).

Contamination of Cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) by Medically Important Bacteriae: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1534-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Nasirian
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Blattella Germanica ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Bacterial Contaminant ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants

Abstract Cockroaches have the potential to disseminate bacteria in their environments and therefore a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the state-of-the-art of our knowledge regarding bacterial contaminants of cockroaches. At least 78 bacterial species and 42 genera from 24 families and 11 orders of bacteria were reported to have contaminated cockroaches. At least 61, 42, 12, 13, 7, and 16 bacterial species have contaminated Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Ectobiidae), Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae), Blatta orientalis (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae), Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz) (Blattaria: Blaberidae), Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville) (Blattaria: Blattidae), and Supella longipalpa (F.) (Blattaria: Ectobiidae), respectively. Blattella germanica is the most commonly contaminated cockroach species, with the widest bacterial species diversity that threatens human health, followed by P. americana. Cockroach bacterial contaminants may result in the dissemination of opportunistic or pathogenic infections, particularly nosocomial and foodborne infections. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences between bacterial contaminant species of cockroaches, species of cockroaches with bacterial contaminants, cockroach body part surfaces from the point of view bacterial contaminants and countries of cockroach infested with bacterial contaminants (P < 0.05). This statistical analysis indicates that the bacterial contaminants of the external cockroach body parts are potentially more harmful than from internal surfaces, and secondly, the bacterial contaminants of cockroaches in hospital environments are potentially more harmful than from other human environments. The survey indicated that the bacterial contaminant species of cockroaches appear to be mostly multiple drug resistant. The challenges of cockroaches as being potential vectors of pathogenic or opportunistic agents of human infections are discussed.

scholarly journals Occupational Burn Injuries in Finland 2011-2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Purola ◽  
Jyrki Vuola ◽  
Heli Kavola
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Severe Burns ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Causes And Risk Factors

Abstract IntroductionThis study comprises all hospitalized work related burn injuries in one country during 2011-2015. The purpose was to describe demographics, causes and risk factors of occupational burn injuries with special focus on the outcome of return to work. Material and methodsThis is a retrospective study on two data sources of which Finnish Workers’ Compensation Center´s (FWCC) register includes all work-related burn cases at a given time. Additional data has been obtained from those patients, who were referred to the National Burn Centre (NBC) during the same time according to the Emergency Management of Severe Burns (EMSB) criteria. We compare demographics, injury mechanisms and general burn data of these two patient groups. ResultsBased on FWCC register, in 2011-2015 occurred 11623 work related burn cases of whom 54% were men. During the study period NBC admitted 26 patients fulfilling EMSB criteria. The most severe patients treated in NBC had injuries affecting multiple body parts. In FWCC data hand was most injured body part. Kitchen/bakery work was the most common profession in FWCC register but in NBC material industrial and transport professions dominated. In FWCC register patients had lower mean age (37 years vs. 43 years). Most severe injuries occurred among older patients: in NBC data those with total body surface area 40% or over had mean age 53 years. Majority of patients returned to work. ConclusionSafety at work in Finland is good and the vast majority of work-related burn injuries are minor. Young adults working in kitchen and bakery work are susceptible to minor burn injuries whereas, unexpectedly, elderly men working in transports and industry sustain most severe burn accidents. Retirement after work related injury becomes very expensive for all parties and this data can be used in preventing those cases as well as the minor accidents.

Telepractice for Adult Speech-Language Pathology Services: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 326-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Weidner ◽  
Joneen Lowman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Primary Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Service Delivery Model ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Screening Assessment

Purpose We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding adult telepractice services (screening, assessment, and treatment) from approximately 2014 to 2019. Method Thirty-one relevant studies were identified from a literature search, assessed for quality, and reported. Results Included studies illustrated feasibility, efficacy, diagnostic accuracy, and noninferiority of various speech-language pathology services across adult populations, including chronic aphasia, Parkinson's disease, dysphagia, and primary progressive aphasia. Technical aspects of the equipment and software used to deliver services were discussed. Some general themes were noted as areas for future research. Conclusion Overall, results of the review continue to support the use of telepractice as an appropriate service delivery model in speech-language pathology for adults. Strong research designs, including experimental control, across multiple well-described settings are still needed to definitively determine effectiveness of telepractice services.

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