Personal preferences for Personalised Trials among patients with chronic diseases: an empirical Bayesian analysis of a conjoint survey

ObjectiveTo describe individual patient preferences for Personalised Trials and to identify factors and conditions associated with patient preferences.DesignEach participant was presented with 18 conjoint questions via an online survey. Each question provided two choices of Personalised Trials that were defined by up to eight attributes, including treatment types, clinician involvement, study logistics and trial burden on a patient.SettingOnline survey of adults with at least two common chronic conditions in the USA.ParticipantsA nationally representative sample of 501 individuals were recruited from the Chronic Illness Panel by Harris Poll Online. Participants were recruited from several sources, including emails, social media and telephone recruitment of the target population.Main outcome measuresThe choice of Personalised Trial design that the participant preferred with each conjoint question.ResultsThere was large variability in participants’ preferences for the design of Personalised Trials. On average, they preferred certain attributes, such as a short time commitment and no cost. Notably, a population-level analysis correctly predicted 62% of the conjoint responses. An empirical Bayesian analysis of the conjoint data, which supported the estimation of individual-level preferences, improved the accuracy to 86%. Based on estimates of individual-level preferences, patients with chronic pain preferred a long study duration (p≤0.001). Asthma patients were less averse to participation burden in terms of data-collection frequency than patients with other conditions (p=0.002). Patients with hypertension were more cost-sensitive (p<0.001).ConclusionThese analyses provide a framework for elucidating individual-level preferences when implementing novel patient-centred interventions. The data showed that patient preference in Personalised Trials is highly variable, suggesting that individual differences must be accounted for when marketing Personalised Trials. These results have implications for advancing precise interventions in Personalised Trials by indicating when rigorous scientific principles, such as frequent monitoring, is feasible in a substantial subset of patients.

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Fun in the workplace and training climate: impact on the turnover of young adults in the hospitality industry

Human Resource Management International Digest ◽

10.1108/hrmid-09-2021-0197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Keyword(s):

Organizational Support ◽

Online Survey ◽

Climate Impact ◽

Management Support ◽

Content Type ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Usa ◽

Training Climate ◽

The Impact ◽

And Training

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of fun in the workplace and training climate on turnover in a European context. Design/methodology/approach Data is gathered from the responses of 902 hotels, restaurant and café workers from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands to an online survey alongside organizational records of turnover. All employees work part-time and are primarily of college age. This is then analyzed using logistic regression. Findings The findings reported suggest that management support for fun and co-worker socializing at the office level are negatively and significantly related to turnover but not fun activities. In addition, individual level job support is significantly related to turnover but not manager support and organizational support. Practical implications Therefore, to promote retention managers should encourage the integration of employees with one another, promote fun on the job and create meaningful job responsibilities for young employees. Originality/value This paper has an original approach by examining the impact of fun in the workplace on turnover in a setting outside the USA and by examining this in relation to training climate.

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Electronic gaming machine accessibility and gambling problems: A natural policy experiment

10.31234/osf.io/kgyzh ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alex M T Russell ◽

Matthew Browne ◽

Nerilee Hing ◽

Matthew Rockloff ◽

Philip Warren Stirling Newall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Level ◽

Structural Features ◽

Gambling Problems ◽

Individual Level ◽

Large N ◽

Indirect Path ◽

Policy Experiment ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Gaming Machine ◽

Gaming Machines

Background: Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are recognised as one of the most harmful forms of gambling at an individual level. However, it is unclear whether restriction of EGM functions and accessibility results in meaningful reductions in population-level gambling harm. Methods: This study employed a natural policy experiment to compare gambling problems between Australian residents in Western Australia (WA), where EGMs are restricted to a single venue and have different structural features, and residents in other Australian jurisdictions where EGMs are widely accessible in casinos, hotels and clubs. The accessibility of non-EGM forms of gambling is generally similar across all Australian jurisdictions. The study draws on a large (N = 15,000) nationally-representative dataset.Findings: Although gambling participation was slightly higher in WA, EGM participation was approximately half that found in the rest of Australia. Aggregate gambling problems and harm were about one-third lower in WA, and self-reported attribution of harm to EGMs by gamblers and affected others was 2·7x and 4x lower, respectively. Analyses using mediation and moderation determined that the attributable impact of EGMs in WA was 70% lower than elsewhere, and was responsible for the vast majority of the discrepancy in gambling problems (indirect path = -0·055, 95% CI -0·071; -0·038). Attributable problems to casino table games were slightly higher in WA, potentially due to redirection of demand, but this effect size was small relative to the reduction of problems due to EGMs. On an individual level, for a given level of participation in EGMs and other forms, the risk of problems were similar in WA and the rest of Australia. Interpretation: Reduced harm from gambling in WA is due to restricted accessibility of EGMs, and there is little transfer of problems to other gambling forms. These results suggest that restricting the accessibility of EGMs substantially reduces gambling harm.Funding: Gambling Research Australia (GRA) funded this research. GRA is a partnership between the Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments to initiate and manage a national program of gambling research.

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Individual and situational influences on injurious assaults against the police

Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management ◽

10.1108/pijpsm-09-2016-0144 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 202-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kelle Barrick ◽

Kevin J. Strom ◽

Nicholas Richardson

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Routine Activities ◽

Situational Factors ◽

Body Armor ◽

Content Type ◽

Situational Influences ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Usa ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Individual

Purpose Violence against the police represents an ongoing and serious problem in the USA. In 2014, over 48,000 law enforcement officers assaulted while on duty. Although over one in four of these resulted in injury, little is known about the conditions under which injury is likely to occur. The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the individual and situational factors that predict injurious assaults against law enforcement. Design/methodology/approach Using logistic regression, the current study analyzes data from the 2012 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) on all assaults against the police (n=8,987) in order to understand, within a routine activities theoretical framework, how individual-level characteristics (i.e. officer and offender characteristics) and situational influences (i.e. assignment type, activity type, and location) predict the likelihood that an assault will result in injury. Findings Overall, findings suggest support for a routine activities theory of violence against the police. Initiating an arrest, one-officer vehicle type, and incidents occurring on highways/roads were all more likely to result in injurious assaults against the police. Other predictors of injury include officer and offender demographics as well as the time the incident took place. Research limitations/implications This research was unable to control for some factors that may influence the likelihood of injury such as wearing body armor. Additionally, NIBRS data are not nationally representative, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Originality/value This is one of the first papers to use national data to examine the individual and situational factors that predict injurious assaults against law enforcement.

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Validation of non-participation bias methodology based on record-linked Finnish register-based health survey data: a protocol paper

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026187 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e026187

Author(s):

Megan A McMinn ◽

Pekka Martikainen ◽

Emma Gorman ◽

Harri Rissanen ◽

Tommi Härkänen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Survey Data ◽

Population Sample ◽

Synthetic Data ◽

Target Population ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Ethical Approval ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Health Registers

IntroductionDecreasing participation levels in health surveys pose a threat to the validity of estimates intended to be representative of their target population. If participants and non-participants differ systematically, the results may be biased. The application of traditional non-response adjustment methods, such as weighting, can fail to correct for such biases, as estimates are typically based on the sociodemographic information available. Therefore, a dedicated methodology to infer on non-participants offers advancement by employing survey data linked to administrative health records, with reference to data on the general population. We aim to validate such a methodology in a register-based setting, where individual-level data on participants and non-participants are available, taking alcohol consumption estimation as the exemplar focus.Methods and analysisWe made use of the selected sample of the Health 2000 survey conducted in Finland and a separate register-based sample of the contemporaneous population, with follow-up until 2012. Finland has nationally representative administrative and health registers available for individual-level record linkage to the Health 2000 survey participants and invited non-participants, and the population sample. By comparing the population sample and the participants, synthetic observations representing the non-participants may be generated, as per the developed methodology. We can compare the distribution of the synthetic non-participants with the true distribution from the register data. Multiple imputation was then used to estimate alcohol consumption based on both the actual and synthetic data for non-participants, and the estimates can be compared to evaluate the methodology’s performance.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval and access to the Health 2000 survey data and data from administrative and health registers have been given by the Health 2000 Scientific Advisory Board, Statistics Finland and the National Institute for Health and Welfare. The outputs will include two publications in public health and statistical methodology journals and conference presentations.

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Gun ownership among US women

Injury Prevention ◽

10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042991 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Julia A Wolfson ◽

Deborah Azrael ◽

Matthew Miller

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Gun Ownership ◽

Male And Female ◽

The Usa ◽

Nationally Representative

IntroductionLittle is known about female gun owners in the USA. We describe the number and type of firearms owned, and reasons for owning, by sex.MethodsAn online survey conducted in 2015 of 3949 US adults; cross-tabulations using survey weights generated nationally representative estimates.ResultsTwelve per cent (95% CI 10.6% to 13.6%) of women and 33.3% of men (95% CI 30.3% to 36.5%) personally owned guns. Male and female gun owners are demographically similar and cite similar reasons for owning firearms, but female gun owners own fewer guns (3.6 vs 5.6). Among female gun owners, 40.4% (95% CI 35.5% to 45.5%) own handguns only, whereas 20.7% (95% CI 18.2% to 23.4%) of male gun owners own handguns only. Approximately three of four male (73.4% (95% CI 70.3% to 76.3%)) and female (76.7% (95% CI 71.6% to 81.1%)) handgun owners own guns for protection from strangers. Males and female gun owners are equally likely to store at least one gun loaded and unlocked.ConclusionsMale and female gun owners in the USA are demographically similar, cite similar reasons for owning guns and, despite males owning more guns, are equally likely to store at least one gun loaded and unlocked.

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Invariant effect of individual cultural orientations: an application of CVSCALE

International Marketing Review ◽

10.1108/imr-03-2015-0055 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 735-759 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Boonghee Yoo ◽

Geon-Cheol Shin

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Cultural Value ◽

Content Type ◽

Five Dimensions ◽

Individual Level ◽

Cultural Orientations ◽

The Us ◽

The Usa ◽

The Individual

Purpose Culture is recognized as a pivotal variable in country of origin (COO) research. The purpose of this paper is to assess culture from an individual perspective and to examine the extent to which individual cultural orientations have similar associations with 33 manager- and consumer-related variables between two culturally opposite countries: the USA and South Korea. Design/methodology/approach An online survey is used. The sample size is 540 for the US sample and 572 for the Korean sample. The correlational similarity between the cultural orientations and other variables is analyzed in three ways and confirmed invariant in the majority cases of each analysis. Findings Individual cultural orientations are measured by Cultural Value Scale (Yoo et al., 2011), a 26-item five-dimensional scale measuring Hofstede’s typology of culture at the individual level. The three-faceted similarity test of each of the 165 pairs of correlations between the USA and Korea samples (i.e. 33 variables × 5 dimensions of individual cultural orientations) shows that the majority of the correlations are significantly similar between the two countries. Originality/value This is a first study in examining the invariance of the relationships of all five dimensions of Hofstede’s culture at the individual level to a variety of variables. As the invariance is found to be a norm, the role of culture in the COO phenomena can be studied at the individual level in a country and be expanded to other countries.

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Longitudinal pathways of exclusive and polytobacco hookah use among youth, young adults and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1–3 (2013–2016)

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055625 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (Suppl 3) ◽

pp. s155-s162 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Eva Sharma ◽

Maansi Bansal-Travers ◽

Kathryn C Edwards ◽

Michael J Halenar ◽

Kristie A Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Population Level ◽

Health Study ◽

Longitudinal Analyses ◽

Common Pathway ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

The Usa ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Exclusive Or

ObjectiveThe goal of this study is to examine cross-sectional rates of use and longitudinal pathways of hookah use among US youth (ages 12-17), young adults (ages 18-24), and adults 25+ (ages 25 and older).DesignData were drawn from the first three waves (2013–2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of US adults and youth. Respondents with data at all three waves (youth, n=11 046; young adults, n=6478; adults 25+, n=17 188) were included in longitudinal analyses.ResultsYoung adults had higher ever, past 12-month (P12M) and past 30-day cross-sectional prevalence of hookah use at each wave than youth or adults 25+. The majority of Wave 1 (W1) hookah users were P12M users of other tobacco products (youth: 73.9%, young adults: 80.5%, adults 25+: 83.2%). Most youth and adult W1 P12M hookah users discontinued use in Wave 2 or Wave 3 (youth: 58.0%, young adults: 47.5%, adults 25+: 63.4%). Most W1 P12M hookah polytobacco users used cigarettes (youth: 49.4%, young adults: 59.4%, adults 25+: 63.2%) and had lower rates of quitting all tobacco than exclusive hookah users or hookah polytobacco users who did not use cigarettes.ConclusionsHookah use is more common among young adults than among youth or adults 25+. Discontinuing hookah use is the most common pathway among exclusive or polytobacco hookah users. Understanding longitudinal transitions in hookah use is important in understanding behavioural outcomes at the population level.

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Dual use of condoms and contraceptives in the USA

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh11004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 73 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Jenny A. Higgins ◽

Anne D. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Dual Method ◽

Dual Use ◽

Individual Level ◽

Relationship Length ◽

Unintended Pregnancies ◽

Prevention Messages ◽

Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽

Adolescents And Adults ◽

The Usa ◽

Nationally Representative

Background Use of condoms in conjunction with other contraceptive methods has multiple benefits: prevention of unintended pregnancy, protection against sexually transmissible infections (STI), and sequentially, defence against the threat of infertility. However, few reviews compare dual method use prevalence or trends or systematically review the facilitators and barriers of dual method use across multiple studies. Methods: The authors review the literature on trends and covariates of dual method use in the USA among both nationally representative and smaller samples. Results: Although dual method use prevalence estimates vary widely across study populations, nationally representative estimates are consistently lower than Western European countries, who in turn report lower rates of unintended pregnancies and STI. The majority of published work on dual method use focuses on adolescents. Prior studies have associated dual method use with a range of individual-level factors: socio-demographic variables, such as younger age; STI risk behaviours and risk perception; relationship variables, such as number of partners, relationship length, and partner support of condoms; and educational factors, such as prior exposure to HIV prevention messages. Conclusions: Although dual method use appears to be on the rise, especially among adolescents and young adults, US rates are comparatively low and leave much room for improvement. This review identifies several populations most in need of intervention. However, we encourage public health practitioners to evolve beyond individual-level studies and interventions to focus on the relational, socio-cultural, and structural influences on dual method use. Dual use promotion programs and policies should also equally target men and women, adolescents and adults.

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A basic dynamic transmission model of Staphylococcus aureus in the US population

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268813001106 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 142 (3) ◽

pp. 468-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. HOGEA ◽

T. VAN EFFELTERRE ◽

C. J. ACOSTA

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Population Level ◽

Transmission Model ◽

Modelling Framework ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Dynamic Transmission Model ◽

The Us ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

Nationally Representative

SUMMARYWe present a basic mathematical model of Staphylococcus aureus transmission in the USA based on natural history of infection and nationally representative data. We employed a Susceptible-Colonized-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible compartmental modelling framework with two different phenotypes of S. aureus: methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA). The model is dynamic and accounts for the US population growth. For model calibration/validation, we used published 1999–2005 S. aureus infection data in conjunction with the 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey colonization data. Baseline model projections illustrated how MRSA might continue to expand and gradually replace MSSA over time, in the absence of intervention, if there is strong competition for colonization. The model-based estimate of the basic reproduction number (R0) highlights the need for infection control. We illustrate the potential population-level impact of intervention with a hypothetical S. aureus vaccination component.

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Quota sampling using Facebook advertisements

Political Science Research and Methods ◽

10.1017/psrm.2018.49 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 558-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Baobao Zhang ◽

Matto Mildenberger ◽

Peter D. Howe ◽

Jennifer Marlon ◽

Seth A. Rosenthal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Opinion ◽

Online Survey ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Population Level ◽

R Package ◽

Panel Survey ◽

Viable Option ◽

Online Panel ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Quota Sampling

AbstractResearchers in different social science disciplines have successfully used Facebook to recruit subjects for their studies. However, such convenience samples are not generally representative of the population. We developed and validated a new quota sampling method to recruit respondents using Facebook advertisements. Additionally, we published an R package to semi-automate this quota sampling process using the Facebook Marketing API. To test the method, we used Facebook advertisements to quota sample 2432 US respondents for a survey on climate change public opinion. We conducted a contemporaneous nationally representative survey asking identical questions using a high-quality online survey panel whose respondents were recruited using probability sampling. Many results from the Facebook-sampled survey are similar to those from the online panel survey; furthermore, results from the Facebook-sampled survey approximate results from the American Community Survey (ACS) for a set of validation questions. These findings suggest that using Facebook to recruit respondents is a viable option for survey researchers wishing to approximate population-level public opinion.

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