Special Feature: Sports & Exercise Medicine

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
K F Harvey-Kelly ◽  
N K Kanakaris ◽  
O Obakponovwe ◽  
R West ◽  
C S Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Injury Severity Score ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Associated Injuries ◽  
Sporting Activity ◽  
Euroqol 5D ◽  
The Mean

AbstractBackgroundPelvic fractures (PFX) reflect high-energy trauma with high mortality and morbidity.AimWe attempted to determine: whether there is a decrease in levels of sporting and physical activity in patients with operatively-treated PFX; risk factors for decreased sporting activity; any correlation between sporting activity and quality of life in this group.MethodsRetrospective demographics on mechanism of injury, fracture type, associated injury and injury severity score, as well as prospective documentation of the level and frequency of sporting activity, were collected from adult patients treated operatively for a PFX between 2007 and 2010, using a specifically designed questionnaire. Quality of life before and after injury was also recorded using the EuroQol-5D health-outcome tool.Results80 patients without pre-existing musculoskeletal disability were enrolled. The mean age was 44.9 years (18-65). The mean follow-up was 30.5 months (12-39). A decrease in level and frequency of sporting activity was observed. It was associated with lower-extremity associated injuries, but not with injury severity score, PFX severity, PFX type, age, or timing of follow-up. Sporting activity before injury predicted higher levels of sporting participation after injury. Decreased sporting activity after injury was associated with decreased EuroQol-5D score.ConclusionsPatients should be counselled on the likelihood of a reduction in sporting activities after surgically treated PFX. A larger multi-centre study is needed to further expand on the evidence of the true impact of PFX and its associated injuries on sporting activity.

scholarly journals Comparison of sexual function and quality of life after pelvic trauma with and without Angioembolization

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naeem Goussous ◽  
Mark D. Sawyer ◽  
Lisa-Ann Wuersmer ◽  
Marianne Huebner ◽  
Molly L. Osborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Injury Severity Score ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Pelvic Fractures ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
National Norms

Abstract Background The aim is to study the safety of Angioembolization on long-term sexual function and quality of life. Methods IRB approval was gained to review the prospectively collected trauma database as well as prospective questionnaires of patients at least 1 year out from pelvic fractures that occurred between 1996 and 2009. Surveys included the SF36v2, Female Sexual Function Index and the International Index of Erectile Function. Values for each domain were compared between patients treated with AE and 2:1 case-matched control patients as well as between the national norms. Values are presented as percentages or means with 95 % CI. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Thirty Seven cases and 74 matched controls were identified. 42 patients completed the survey. There were 13 cases (12 males), and 29 controls (22 males). There was a higher ISS (Injury Severity Score) (32 vs 27; p = 0.048) in the cases, but no difference in pelvic AIS (Abbreviated Injury Severity Score) (3 vs 3). Both groups scored similarly in the SF36 in all domains, but the entire cohort scored lower than the national norms in the physical functioning (41.9 (37.8–46.0) vs50), role physical (40.9 (36.2–45.7) vs50), body pain 43.8 (40.7–46.9) vs50), role emotional 46.3 (42.8–49.8) vs50), and physical composite score (42.1 (38.0–46.3) vs50). All domains of the sexual function in both questionnaires showed significant impairment in our cohort compared with norms. Male cases had similar scores to the controls. Conclusion Pelvic fractures portend a worse long-term QOL and sexual function than the general population. AE, however, does not have an additive affect to these indices.

scholarly journals Survival and quality of hospital care for victims of car crashes in Western Azerbaijan, Iran

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Injury Severity Score ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Car Crashes

Background and aim: Car crashes are among the prevalent incidents seriously threatening public health. This study aimed to assess the survival and quality of hospital care for patients of car accidents in Western Azerbaijan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,697 trauma victims admitted to Imam Khomeini hospital in Urmia, Iran, during 2016. The data, including systolic pressure, Glasgow Coma Scale, respiratory rate prior to admittance, severity of injuries based on surgery description, limbs and brain computed tomography scan, and diagnostic ultrasound by an specialist, were collected from medical records. The survival chance of patients was estimated using Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS). To evaluate the quality of hospital service, Z and W statistics were utilized. Results: Out of 1,697 admitted victims, 1,226 (72.3%) and 471 (27.7%) subjects were male and female, respectively. The patients were within the age range of 15-54 years, including 901 (75%) male and 296 (25%) female subjects. The predominant educational levels were under diploma and illiterate in male and female patients, respectively. The mean values of the Revised Trauma Score for the recovered and deceased patients were 7.75±0.38 and 6.19±1.59, respectively; however, the mean values of the Injury Severity Score for the recovered and deceased patients were 14.57±13.72 and 52.03±27.02, respectively, indicating a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The number of observed mortalities was 69; nevertheless, the expected mortalities were 60 cases. Furthermore, the quantified W and Z statistics were -9 and 0.02, respectively. Conclusions: The results showed that the observed mortality exceeded the expected morality indicating the low quality of hospital care.

scholarly journals Qualidade de vida de vítimas de trauma seis meses após a alta hospitalar

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Laura A Alves ◽  
Francine M Salim ◽  
Edson Zangiacomi Martinez ◽  
Afonso Dinis Costa Passos ◽  
Marysia Mara Rodrigues Prado De Carlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Injury Severity Score ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Health Organization Quality ◽  
Organization Quality ◽  
Health Organization

OBJETIVO: O trauma ocupa o terceiro lugar dentre as causas de morte no Brasil. Contudo, seu impacto na qualidade de vida dos sobreviventes tem sido pouco estudado no País. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida de vítimas de trauma atendidas em unidade hospitalar de emergências, seis meses após a alta hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 35 pacientes de unidade de emergência de hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto (SP), entre 2005 e 2006. Os pacientes foram entrevistados em seus domicílios, seis meses após terem tido alta hospitalar. Foi aplicado o instrumento World Health Organization Quality of Life, versão breve, para avaliação dos domínios físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente. As associações entre os escores dos domínios e as variáveis permanência hospitalar, idade, sexo e Injury Severity Score foram exploradas por modelos de regressão linear. RESULTADOS: Observou-se diminuição significativa na qualidade de vida do grupo estudado, quando comparado a amostras de pessoas normais em estudos nacionais e internacionais, em particular nos domínios físico, psicológico e de meio ambiente. O domínio relações sociais apresentou a maior média de escores, com 69,7 pontos, enquanto o domínio meio ambiente recebeu a menor pontuação (52,4), ambos na escala percentual. As variáveis associadas a domínio físico foram permanência hospitalar (p=0,02), idade (p<0,01) e sexo (p=0,03). Para os demais domínios, a análise não mostrou associação com as variáveis estudadas. CONCLUSÕES: As vítimas de trauma apresentaram diminuição nos escores de qualidade de vida. Embora o aspecto físico tenha sido o mais atingido, há evidências de que os domínios psicológico e de meio ambiente permaneceram distantes das condições ideais esperadas para a população em geral.

scholarly journals Utilization of laser interstitial thermotherapy guided by real-time thermal MRI as an alternative to separation surgery in the management of spinal metastasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio E. Tatsui ◽  
R. Jason Stafford ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Jonathan N. Sellin ◽  
Behrang Amini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Spinal Cord Compression ◽  
Spinal Metastasis ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Interstitial Thermotherapy

OBJECT High-grade malignant spinal cord compression is commonly managed with a combination of surgery aimed at removing the epidural tumor, followed by spinal stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) aimed at local tumor control. The authors here introduce the use of spinal laser interstitial thermotherapy (SLITT) as an alternative to surgery prior to SSRS. METHODS Patients with a high degree of epidural malignant compression due to radioresistant tumors were selected for study. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain and quality of life were obtained before and within 30 and 60 days after treatment. A laser probe was percutaneously placed in the epidural space. Real-time thermal MRI was used to monitor tissue damage in the region of interest. All patients received postoperative SSRS. The maximum thickness of the epidural tumor was measured, and the degree of epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) was scored in pre- and postprocedure MRI. RESULTS In the 11 patients eligible for study, the mean VAS score for pain decreased from 6.18 in the preoperative period to 4.27 within 30 days and 2.8 within 60 days after the procedure. A similar VAS interrogating the percentage of quality of life demonstrated improvement from 60% preoperatively to 70% within both 30 and 60 days after treatment. Imaging follow-up 2 months after the procedure demonstrated a significant reduction in the mean thickness of the epidural tumor from 8.82 mm (95% CI 7.38–10.25) before treatment to 6.36 mm (95% CI 4.65–8.07) after SLITT and SSRS (p = 0.0001). The median preoperative ESCC Grade 2 was scored as 4, which was significantly higher than the score of 2 for Grade 1b (p = 0.04) on imaging follow-up 2 months after the procedure. CONCLUTIONS The authors present the first report on an innovative minimally invasive alternative to surgery in the management of spinal metastasis. In their early experience, SLITT has provided local control with low morbidity and improvement in both pain and the quality of life of patients.

scholarly journals TOLTERODINE IMPROVES QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH AN OVERACTIVE BLADDER, WITH OR WITHOUT URINARY INCONTINENCE: A PROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER STUDY

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
F. Mantovani ◽  
G. Bozzini ◽  
P. Acquati ◽  
S.S. Di Pierro ◽  
M.G. Spinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Overactive Bladder ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Prospective Multicenter Study ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Trial Entry ◽  
The Mean

AIMS: In order to analyse the effect of tolterodine on the Quality of life (QoL) of patients with overactive bladder (OB) we conducted a prospective multicentre clinical study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were questioned at entry and 4, 12 and 24 weeks later about the number of micturitions and incontinent and urgency episodes/day, using a micturition diary. The mean volume voided per micturition and the number of pads used per day was also recorded. The QoL was measured using the Kings Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ). A total of 179 patients entered the study: 59 dropped out (4 due to lack of efficacy, 10 due to adverse events, 25 because of lack of interest in the study/other reason and 20 were lost at follow up), leaving 120 patients for analysis. One hundred and eight patients (90%) were female, their mean age was 56.5 years (SD 11.2); 87 had never received treatment for OB/UI (80.6%) and their mean weight was 70.0 Kg (SD 12.7). RESULTS: The mean number of micturitions/day was 9.3 at trial entry and it decreased to 6.8 by the end of the study. The corresponding values for the number of urge episodes, incontinence episodes and number of pads used per day were 3.5, 2.7 and 1.2 and 0.8, 0.9 and 0.4 respectively. The mean volume voided per micturition increased from 146 ml. to 178 ml. All the differences between trial entry and end of study values were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Considering the results of the KHQ, the values of all the different areas/domini (?) decreased markedly and in a statistically significant way between the start of treatment and the end of study evaluations. Similar findings emerged when we considered values of the IIQ. The decrease was constant and marked during the first three months and remained constant thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: This study, conducted in a population of subjects with dry and wet OB, shows that tolterodine given for six months lowers the frequency of urgency episodes and incontinence episodes without troublesome adverse effects. These clinical effects are mirrored in the QoL, KHQ and IIQ questionnaire scores, which improved by about 50% over the same period.

scholarly journals Responsiveness and minimally important difference of a generic quality of life measure for complementary health practices

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Kimura ◽  
Kiyoshi Suzuki ◽  
Seiya Uchida ◽  
Hiroshi Katamura
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Minimally Important Difference ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Generic Quality

Shorter and easier methods of conducting community health surveys would be useful. We conducted a study to demonstrate the responsiveness of the 10-item Mokichi Okada Association quality of life questionnaire (MQL-10) in a follow-up survey and to determine the minimally important difference (MID) for this measure. In 2007, Japanese adults participated in a survey on health prac- tices. We analyzed the MQL-10 scores (n=6365) together with the following factors: gender, age group, disease, reason for participation, and complementary health practices, such as food and eating. The mean baseline MQL-10 score was 26.4±5.83 [standard deviation (SD)] and the mean follow-up score was 27.6±5.45 SD with a mean change of 1.20±4.41 SD. The effect size for change was 0.21 and the standardized response mean was 0.27. The MQL-10 scores in the baseline condition were associated with gender, age group, disease, reason for participation and complementary health practices. Furthermore, the changes in the MQL-10 during the 12 weeks of study were associated with age group, disease, reason for participa- tion and complementary health practices. The increase in frequency of health practices was significantly associated with improvements in the participants’ quality of life (QOL). These results suggest that the MQL-10 is use- ful for assessing the effects of complementary health practices on QOL. The estimate of 3 points for the range of this measure (0-40) was higher than half of the SD of scores; therefore, it was considered reasonable for the MID.

scholarly journals Skor prediksi sindrom disfungsi multi-organ pada pasien multitrauma

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Rendy ◽  
Heber B. Sapan ◽  
Laurens T. B. Kalesaran ◽  
Julius H. Lolombulan
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Injury Severity Score ◽  
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
The Mean

Abstract: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in patients with major trauma remains to be frequent and devastating complication during clinical course in emergency department and intensive care unit (ICU). The ability to easily and accurately identify patients at risk for MODS postinjury especially in multitrauma cases would be very valuable. This study aimed to construct an instrument for prediction of the development of MODS in adult multitrauma patients using clinical and laboratory data available in the first day at prahospital and emergency department (hospital) setting. This was a prospective study. Samples were adult multitrauma patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16, aged 16-65 years old, admitted to 4 academic Level-I trauma center from September 2014 to September 2015. Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was used to determine MODS during hospitalization. A risk score created from the final regression model consisted of significant variables as MODS predictor. The results showed that there were 98 multitrauma patients as samples. The mean age was 35.2 years old; mostly male (85.71%); the mean of ISS was 23.6; mostly (76.53%) were caused by blunt injury mechanism. MODS was encountered in 43 patients (43.87%). The prediction risk score consists of Revised Trauma Score (RTS) (<7.25) and serum lactate level ≥2 mmol/L. This study also verified several independent risk factors for post multitrauma MODS, such as ISS >25, presence of SIRS, shock grade 2 or more, and white blood cell count >12,000/mm3. Conclusion: We derived a novel, simple, and applicable instrument to predict MODS in adult following multitrauma. The use of this scoring system may allow early identification of multitrauma patients who are at risk for MODS and result in more aggressive targeted resuscitation and better referral allocation based on regional trauma system.Keywords: MODS, multitrauma, emergency department, MODS prediction scoreAbstrak: Sindrom disfungsi multi-organ (MODS) merupakan komplikasi buruk yang sering terjadi sepanjang perjalanan klinis pasien trauma mayor di Unit Gawat Darurat (UGD) maupun di ruang perawatan intensif. Suatu nilai patokan yang dapat memprediksi MODS pascatrauma secara akurat sejak dini tentunya sangat berharga bagi tatalaksana pasien terutama pada kasus multitrauma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu instrumen yang dapat memrediksi perkembangan MODS pada pasien dewasa multitrauma dengan menggunakan data klinis dan laboratorium yang tersedia pada 24 jam pertama pasca trauma pada seting fase prahospital maupun di fase hospital sejak di UGD. Jenis penelitian ini prospektif, mengumpulkan pasien multitrauma dengan Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16, rentang usia 16-65 tahun, di 4 pusat trauma level-1 rumah sakit pendidikan selama 1 tahun (September 2014-2015). Dilakukan pencatatan data klinis dan laboratorium sesuai perkembangan pasien. Skor sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) digunakan untuk menentukan adanya MODS selama perawatan. Skor prediksi dibuat dengan membangun model regresi logistik yang signifikan untuk memrediksi terjadinya MODS pasca multitrauma. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 98 sampel multitrauma yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dengan rerata usia 35,2 tahun, sebagian besar laki-laki (85,71%) dengan rerata ISS 23,6, dan disebabkan oleh trauma tumpul (76,53%). MODS terjadi pada 43 pasien (43,87%). Skor prediksi terdiri dari RTS dengan (cut off point 7,25) dan kadar laktat serum (cut off point 3,44 mmol/mL). Penelitian ini juga memverifikasi beberapa faktor risiko individual terjadinya MODS pasca multitrauma yaitu ISS>25, adanya SIRS, syok derajat 2 atau lebih, dan leukositosis >12.000. Simpulan: Kami melaporkan instrumen baru yang praktis untuk memrediksi MODS pada pasien multitrauma dewasa. Skor ini memungkinkan identifikasi dini pasien trauma yang berisiko akan mengalami MODS sehingga dapat menjadi tanda alarm dilakukannya resusitasi yang lebih agresif dan tepat serta alokasi rujukan pasien yang lebih efisien berdasarkan sistem trauma regional.Kata kunci: MODS, multitrauma, UGD, skor prediksi MODS

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on Quality of Life (QOL) and Worry in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheida Jabalameli ◽  
Hamid Taher Neshat Doost ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Kajbaf ◽  
Hossein Molavi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders. It has been reported that psychological treatments like Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for patients with GAD. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effectiveness of CBT on Quality of Life (QOL) and worry in patients with GAD. A sample of 30 patients with GAD who had been referred to psychiatry offices in Isfahan, Iran were selected and assigned into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15) randomly.  The experimental group received CBT in 8 weekly sessions. All participants completed the World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) at pretest, posttest and follow up. The results of MANCOVA showed that the mean scores of QOL in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group at the posttest and follow up (P<0.05) and the mean scores of worry in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group at the posttest and follow up (P<0.05) It is concluded that CBT can be applied for the patients with GAD as a useful psychological treatment. In general, CBT can improve QOL and decrease worry in patients with GAD.

scholarly journals Health-related quality of life burden in scleroderma patients treated with two different intravenous iloprost regimens

Reumatismo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
T. Schioppo ◽  
L. Scalone ◽  
P. Cozzolino ◽  
L. Mantovani ◽  
G. Cesana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Digital Ulcers ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Utility Index ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Mean

Systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) and digital ulcers (DU) can impair health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The aim of our study was to estimate HRQoL in SSc patients treated with two different intravenous (IV) iloprost (ILO) regimens and in patients not treated with IV ILO. 96 consecutive SSc patients were enrolled in a pragmatic, prospective and non-randomized study, and divided into 3 groups: not requiring therapy with IV ILO (N=52), IV ILO once monthly (N=24) or IV ILO for 5 consecutive days every 3 months (N=20). Patients were followed up for three months. We assessed HRQoL using the generic preference-based questionnaire EQ-5D-5L. We conducted multiple regression analyses to estimate, in each treatment group, the mean general health (GH) and the mean utility index of the EQ-5D-5L, adjusting for possible confounders. The mean adjusted utility index and GH score, after three months’ follow-up, were not different in the three groups: IV ILO was able to make patients requiring IV ILO similar to those not requiring it. Moreover, there was no difference in this model between the two ILO regimens (1 day monthly vs 5 consecutive days every 3 months). The two different IV ILO regimens (the most appropriate regimen was decided according to patients’ characteristics and needs) were able to stabilize HRQoL in RP secondary to SSc non-adequately controlled by oral therapy.

P101 The leeds paediatric brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. e49.1-e49
Author(s):  
N Kalra ◽  
SP Solanki ◽  
AK Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Hrqol Score ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
The Mean

ObjectivesThe commonest cause of stroke in a paediatric population is a ruptured brain ateriovenous malformation (bAVM). We aim to assess the functional outcomes of patients who have undergone operative intervention at our unit for ruptured and non-ruptured bAVMs.DesignA single centre retrospective cohort analysis of paediatric bAVM patients.Subjects10 paediatric patients at time of surgery between January 2007 – December 2017 mean age at follow up 15.9 years, range 2–26 years, mean time to follow up 6.3 years, range 1.5–11.2 years.MethodsPatients with bAVMs were identified via the paediatric neurovascular database. They were contacted via telephone and the Paediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) questionnaire administered via parent proxy if the patient was under 18, and by the patient if above 18. Functional outcomes were assessed using the PedsQL questionnaire score and converted in to a health-related quality of life (HRQOL) score.Results10 patients underwent resection of their bAVMS, 9 survived and 7 were contactable. The mean HRQOL score 88.9 points, range 65.2–100. Only one patient had a HRQOL score below the mean of a child with chronic disease.ConclusionsThe mean HRQOL outcome score of operated paediatric bAVM was similar to that of healthy children. Patients having bAVM surgery within our unit have had a good functional outcome. Although there are small numbers in this series, there is a low incidence of operated paediatric bAVMs. Our findings suggests that such operations should be undertaken in units with expertise.

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