A novel rabbit thromboembolic occlusion model

2021 ◽  
pp. neurintsurg-2020-017073
Author(s):  
Yong-Hong Ding ◽  
Seán Fitzgerald ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Daying Dai ◽  
Daniel Jakaitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Aortic Bifurcation ◽  
Aspiration Thrombectomy ◽  
Occlusion Model ◽  
Distal Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Histological Factors

BackgroundTo develop a preclinical thromboembolic occlusion model for studying revascularization strategies.MethodsClot analog with barium sulfate was injected into the distal aorta in 9 New Zealand white rabbits. The situation of aorta occlusion was compared among fibrin-rich (n=4), red blood cell (RBC)-rich (n=3), and whole blood clot analogs (n=2) using digital subtraction angiography. Arterial geometries, histologic features and circumferential stretch of the distal aorta in rabbits were compared with the common carotid artery in swine and the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) in humans. Aspiration thrombectomy and mechanical thrombectomy using a stent retriever were performed in two rabbits.ResultsThe aortic bifurcation was occluded after a single delivery of clot in 4 cases. It was occluded after the second clot injection in the 5 remaining rabbits. Fragmentation of RBC-rich clots occurred during clot injection in 2 cases. The mean diameters of the distal aorta and right common iliac artery in rabbits were 3.7±0.4 and 2.8±0.3 mm, respectively; the mean diameters of human ICA, and first and second segments of the middle cerebral artery (M1, M2) were 3.6±0.4, 3.1±0.4, and 2.4±0.4 mm, respectively. Arterial revascularization was achieved in both rabbits. Geometric, mechanical and histological factors of the distal aorta in rabbit were more close to human distal ICA than swine carotid artery.ConclusionArterial occlusion can be achieved at the aortic bifurcation in rabbits, which is comparable to human ICA bifurcation. This thrombectomy model has the potential to be used for testing of thrombectomy devices.

Cerebral sodium extraction in the dog: a test for extracerebral contamination

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (6) ◽  
pp. H868-H875
Author(s):  
L. G. D'Alecy ◽  
C. J. Rose ◽  
S. A. Sellers ◽  
J. P. Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Sympathetic Stimulation ◽  
Single Drop ◽  
Venous Outflow ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Alpha Chloralose

The single-pass extraction of sodium was measured with and without sympathetic stimulation in dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. A mixture of the test (24Na) and reference ([125I]RISA) substances was injected as a bolus into the common carotid artery. Single-drop samples were taken at approximately 1-s intervals from the sagittal sinus and the temporal sinus while cerebral blood flow was continuously measured at the temporal sinus by the venous outflow technique. The extraction measurements were used to test for extracerebral contamination of venous outflow. The mean integral extraction determined from sagittal sinus samples was 2.2% during control conditions and 3.0% during sympathetic stimulation. The mean temporal sinus extraction of sodium was 6.9% during control and 2.7% during sympathetic stimulation. If true cerebral sodium extraction is assumed to be 1.4% and extracerebral sodium extraction is 60%, then these data indicate that extracerebral contamination is less than 10%.

Effect of Factor XI or Factor IX Deficiency on an Arterial Occlusion Model.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3501-3501
Author(s):  
David Gailani ◽  
Qiufang Cheng ◽  
Lin Xu ◽  
Martin Ogletree ◽  
Xinkang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Factor Xi ◽  
Upper Limit

Abstract Factor XI (fXI) and factor IX (fIX) are zymogens of plasma proteases that are required for normal formation and maintenance of a blood clot. Recent work has implicated these proteins in the pathogenesis of vascular thrombosis. Epidemiologic studies indicate that high levels (top 10% of normal distribution) of fXI or fIX are independent risk factors for venous thromboembolism, increasing risk ~2-fold. Recently, it was shown that fXI deficiency protects mice from carotid artery occlusion in a ferric chloride (FeCl3 ) injury model. FeCl3-induced thrombus formation involves thrombin generation, in addition to platelet activation and von Willebrand factor. We used a modified version of the FeCl3 model to study the antithrombotic effects of complete fXI or fIX deficiency. In wild type C57Bl/6 mice, carotid artery flow measured by Doppler flow probe is completely blocked within 10 minutes of applying 3.5% FeCl3 to the vessel. 3.0% FeCl3 induced occlusion in some (5 of 8) mice by 30 minutes, while no animal treated with 2.5% FeCl3 experienced occlusion. FXI and fIX deficient mice were fully protected from occlusion induced by 3.5% or 5% FeCl3. Some fXI (4 of 8) and fIX (4 of 6) deficient animals developed occlusion with 7.5% FeCl3, while occlusion occurred in all mice at 10% FeCl3. To put the effect of fXI or fIX deficiency on this model into perspective, it requires a very high dose of heparin (1000 U/kg) to produce similar protection. With 5% FeCl3, heparin at 200 U/kg only protects 50% of wild type mice from occlusion, despite prolonging the activated partial thromboplastin time beyond the upper limit of the assay (> 500 secs). High dose aspirin (100 mg/kg) did not prevent occlusion induced by 5% FeCl3, despite producing a nearly complete block of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. While fXI and fIX deficiency affect the FeCl3 model similarly, they have significantly different impacts on a tail bleeding time (TBT) assay. FXI deficient and wild type mice have similar mean TBTs (265 ± 68 and 287 ± 92 secs, respectively), while fIX deficiency causes prolonged bleeding (1561 ± 125 secs, p < 0.01). In comparison, heparin (200 units/kg) causes the TBT to exceed the upper limit of the assay (1800 seconds), while aspirin (30 mg/kg) modestly increases the TBT (~2.2-fold). The data indicate that fXI and fIX are involved in thrombus formation in the FeCl3 model, and support a growing body of evidence that thrombin formation through the fIX/fXI axis contributes to thrombotic disease. Given the mild bleeding diathesis associated with fXI deficiency, inhibition of fXI may be a useful component of therapy for treating or preventing thrombus formation, and would be associated with a relatively low risk of bleeding.

Vascular geometry of the extracranial carotid arteries: an analysis of length, diameter, and tortuosity

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farooq A Choudhry ◽  
John T Grantham ◽  
Ansaar T Rai ◽  
Jeffery P Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Skull Base ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

BackgroundStable access is essential for successful intracranial interventions. Quantifying variations in extracranial carotid arteries may help in the selection and development of access catheters. This study describes the vascular dimensions from the aortic arch to the skull base.MethodsCT angiography analysis was performed on 100 patients. The lengths, diameters, and tortuosity of the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) were measured from the aortic arch to the skull base.ResultsThe mean±SD length of the carotid artery from the aortic arch to the skull base was 22.2±2.2 cm for the right side and 20.8±1.9 cm for the left side (p<0.0001). The length of the right CCA was 13.6±1.2 cm and the length of the left CCA was 12.4±1.4 cm (p<0.0001). The length of the right ICA was 8.6±1.4 cm compared with 8.4±1.4 cm for the left ICA (p=0.3). The ICA length in men and women was 8.9±1.3 cm and 8.2±1.3 cm, respectively (p=0.0001), and the CCA length in men and women was 13.6±1.5 cm and 12.3±1.6 cm, respectively (p<0.0001). The lengths of the CCA and ICA in patients aged ≥60 years were 13.3±1.7 cm and 8.9±1.5 cm, respectively compared with 12.8±1.7 cm and 8.2±1.1 cm, respectively, for patients aged <60 years (p=0.04 for CCA, p=0.0002 for ICA). Tortuosity of the CCA and ICA was 1.2±0.2 and 1.3±0.1, respectively, in patients aged ≥60 years compared with 1.1±0.1 for both the ICA and CCA in patients aged <60 years (p<0.0001 for both). There was a consistent ratio of CCA/ICA length of 1.6±0.3 on the right and 1.5±0.3 on the left (p<0.0001). The arterial diameters did not show any significant difference.ConclusionsThe distance from the aortic arch to the skull base is longer on the right than on the left side. Both the CCA and ICA are longer in men and in patients aged ≥60 years. The tortuosity of both segments significantly increases with age.

scholarly journals Prevalence and clinical significance of the triticeal cartilage

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
Rabia Koca ◽  
Zeliha Fazlıoğulları ◽  
Kaz›m Serhan Keleşoğlu ◽  
Mustafa Koplay ◽  
Ahmet Kağan Karabulut
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Atheromatous Plaque ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Radiological Images ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Common ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: The triticeal cartilage can be misidentified as an atheromatous plaque in the common carotid artery in radiological images. It is very important to correctly define these two structures and distinguish from each other. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the shape, length, width and the anatomical position of the triticeal cartilage to prevent the interpretation of its presence as an atheromaous plaque or any other pathology located in the neck. Methods: This study was performed retrospectively on 200 CT images of adult patients (age≥20 years; 128 males, 72 females). The shape, size and localization of triticeal cartilage were examined and its prevalence was determined. Results: Triticeal cartilage was not present in 63 cases. It was present unilaterally in 42 cases and bilaterally in 95. The cartilage was located at the C4 level most frequently. The triticeal cartilage was identified under 7 types as circle, double circle, oval, hook, ring, triangle and rod. Circle type was the most common. There was a statistically significant difference for the presence of ring type cartilage between males and females (p<0.05). Although the mean cartilage length and width were higher in males than females, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The presence of the triticeal cartilage should be considered in the diagnosis of atheroma in carotid arteries. In order to distinguish the triticeal cartilage from other surrounding structures, the shape, level and size of the cartilage must be known.

scholarly journals NASCET Percent Stenosis Semi-Automated Versus Manual Measurement on CTA

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Lian ◽  
Jeremy H. White ◽  
Eric S. Bartlett ◽  
Aditya Bharatha ◽  
Richard I. Aviv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Manual Measurement ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
Distal Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Automated Software

Purpose:To compare North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) stenosis values and NASCET grade categorization (mild, moderate, severe) of semi-automated vessel analysis software versus manual measurements on computed tomography angiography (CTA).Methods:There were four observers. Two independently analyzed 81 carotid artery CTAs using semi-automated vessel analysis software according to a blinded protocol. The software measured the narrowest stenosis in millimeters (mm), distal internal carotid artery (ICA) in mm, and calculated percent stenosis based on NASCET criteria. One of these two observers performed this task twice on each carotid, the second analysis was delayed two months in order to mitigate recall bias. Two other observers manually measured the narrowest stenosis in mm, distal ICA in mm, and calculated NASCET percent stenosis in a blinded fashion. The calculated NASCET stenoses were categorized into mild, moderate, or severe. Chi square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test for statistical differences.Results:ANOVA did not find a statistically significant difference in the mean percent stenosis when comparing the two manual measurements, the two semi-automated measurements, and the repeat semi-automated. Chi square demonstrated that the distribution of grades of stenosis were statistically different (p<0.05) between the manual and semiautomated grades. Semi-automated vessel analysis tended to underestimate the degree of stenosis compared to manual measurement.Conclusion:The mean percentage stenosis determined by semi-automated vessel analysis is not significantly different from manual measurement. However, when the data is categorized into mild, moderate and severe stenosis, there is a significant difference between semi-automated and manual measurements. The semi-automated software tends to underestimate the stenosis grade compared to manual measurement.

scholarly journals Assessment of the common carotid artery wall stiffness by Shear Wave Elastography in Behcet’s disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz Alis ◽  
Emine Sebnem Memis Durmaz ◽  
Ceren Civcik ◽  
Melih Tutuncu ◽  
Sabahattin Saip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Behcet’S Disease ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Wall Stiffness ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

Aim: To evaluate endothelial dysfunction and subclinical atherosclerosis in Behcet’s disease (BD) by measuring the common carotid artery (CCA) wall stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT).Materials and methods: We prospectively evaluated CIMT and the CCA wall stiffness of 34 BD patients and 28 age/sex-matched controls. CIMT measurements were performed from the posterior wall of the carotid artery approximately 10 mm proximal to the initiation of the carotid bulb using B-mode ultrasound. The stiffness of the CCA was measured from the superficial wall of the CCA using shear wave elastography (SWE). SWE measurements were recorded as shear wave velocity (SWV) using m/s as a unit.Results: The mean right (0.5±0.11 mm) and left (0.5±0.14 mm) CIMT of the patients were significantly higher compared to the mean right (0.41±0.07 mm) and left (0.41±0.11 mm) CIMT of the healthy controls (p=0.001 and p= 0.003 respectively). The mean right (3.72±0.94 m/s) and left (3.57±0.72 m/s) CCA wall stiffness of the patients were significantly higher compared to the mean right (2.42±0.49 m/s) and left (2.56±0.49 m/s) CCA wall stiffness of the controls (p<0.001 for both).Conclusions: SWE seems to be a promising modality to evaluate endothelial dysfunction in BD by interpreting the arterial stiffness, and SWE might be an important adjunct to clinical and laboratory findings, and imaging modalities to assess cardiovascular risk in BD. Moreover, SWE evaluation of the arterial stiffness might assist us to understand pathophysiological aspects of BD.

Neuroendovascular-specific engineering modifications to the CorPath GRX Robotic System

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 1830-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin W. Britz ◽  
Sandip S. Panesar ◽  
Peter Falb ◽  
Johnny Tomas ◽  
Virendra Desai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Robotic System ◽  
Robotic Assistance ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Forward Motion ◽  
Active Device ◽  
Vascular Intervention ◽  
Peripheral Vascular Intervention ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to evaluate new, neuroendovascular-specific engineering and software modifications to the CorPath GRX Robotic System for their ability to support safer and more effective cranial neurovascular interventions in a preclinical model.METHODSActive device fixation (ADF) control software, permitting automated manipulation of the guidewire relative to the microcatheter, and a modified drive cassette suitable for neuroendovascular instruments were the respective software and hardware modifications to the current CorPath GRX robot, which was cleared by the FDA for percutaneous coronary and peripheral vascular intervention. The authors then trialed the modified system in a live porcine model with simulated neuroendovascular pathology. Femoral access through the aortic arch to the common carotid artery was accomplished manually (without robotic assistance), and the remaining endovascular procedures were performed with robotic assistance. The system was tested for the enhanced ability to navigate and manipulate neurovascular-specific guidewires and microcatheters. The authors specifically evaluated the movement of the wire forward and backward during the advancement of the microcatheter.RESULTSNavigation of the rete mirabile and an induced aneurysm within the common carotid artery were successful. The active device fixation feature enabled independent advancement and retraction of the guidewire and working device relative to the microcatheter. When ADF was inactive, the mean forward motion of the guidewire was 5 mm and backward motion was 0 mm. When ADF was active, the mean forward motion of the guidewire was 0 mm and backward motion was 1.5 mm. The modifications made to the robotic cassette enabled the system to successfully manipulate the microcatheter and guidewire safely and in a manner more suited to neuroendovascular procedures than before. There were no occurrences of dissection, extravasation, or thrombosis.CONCLUSIONSThe robotic system was originally designed to navigate and manipulate devices for cardiac and peripheral vascular intervention. The current modifications described here improved its utility for the more delicate and tortuous neurovascular environment. This will set the stage for the development of a neurovascular-specific robot.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of Ultrasonographic Measurements of Different Carotid and Femoral Artery Segments in Healthy Subjects and in Patients with Increased Intima-Media Thickness

1997 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Smilde ◽  
H. Wollersheim ◽  
H. Van Langen ◽  
A. F. H. Stalenhoef
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Near Wall

1. The reproducibility of measurements of the arterial wall thickness in both the carotid and femoral artery was investigated by means of high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. For this purpose, subjects with normal and increased intima-media thickness were selected. Images were stored on an optical disk and were analysed with a semi-automatic software program by two readers. Individuals were scanned twice by two independent observers. 2. Measurements were performed of the far and near wall of the common carotid artery and bulbous in 30 healthy subjects and 19 patients known to have an increased intima-media thickness. Far-wall measurements were made of the internal carotid artery on both sides and common femoral artery on the right side only. 3. In healthy subjects the mean within-observer coefficient of variation was 1.8% and 3.0% for the far wall in the common carotid artery on the right side and left side, respectively. For the near wall the mean coefficient of variation of the common carotid artery was 2.8% on the right and 3.4% on the left side. The mean coefficient of variation was less than 4% for both far and near wall in the bulbous and far wall in the internal carotid artery. Even in patients with increased intima-media thickness the mean coefficient of variation of each segement was less than 4.5%. In the control subjects the between-observer coefficient of variation of the common carotid artery was 2.8% and 5.1% for the far wall on the right and left side, respectively, and 3.4% and 4.2% for the near wall on the right and left side. In healthy subjects a mean difference of 0.002 mm within observers was found in the right far-wall common carotid artery, with limits of agreement of −0.048 to 0.052 mm. The coefficient of repeatability was 0.050 mm. For patients with increased intima-media thickness the mean difference in this segment was −0.006 mm (−0.094 to 0.082) with a coefficient of repeatability of 0.088 mm. For the near wall in the common carotid artery and far and near wall in the bulbous and internal carotid artery the mean differences were larger, but were all below 0.1 mm. The differences and limits of agreements increased between observers. In patients the between-observer mean difference of the far wall of the common carotid artery was −0.055 mm (−0.255 to 0.145). For the common femoral artery of normal control subjects the within- and between-observer mean differences were 0.005 mm (−0.119 to 0.129) and 0.015 mm (−0.081 to 0.111), respectively. 4. In conclusion, the reproducibility of intima-media thickness measurements in the common carotid artery is reliable, even in patients with increased artery wall thickness. Also in other segments prone to atherosclerosis, such as the bulbous, internal carotid artery and common femoral artery, a good reproducibility was found. To obtain good reproducibility it is highly recommended to use the same ultrasonographer to scan patients in follow-up studies.

Fibrinolytic Activity of the Arterial Wall

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 001-011 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Onoyama ◽  
K Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Arterial Wall ◽  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Atheromatous Plaque ◽  
Human Fibrinogen ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

SummaryThe tissue fibrinolysis was studied in 550 specimens of 7 kinds of arteries from 80 fresh cadavers, using Astrup’s biochemical method and Todd’s histochemical method with human fibrinogen.In the microscopically normal aortic wall, almost all specimens had the fibrinolytic activity which was the strongest in the adventitia and the weakest in the media.The fibrinolytic activity seemed to be localized in the endothelium.The stronger activity lay in the adventitia of the aorta and the pulmonary artery and all layers of the cerebral artery.The activity of the intima and media of the macroscopically normal areas seemed to be stronger in the internal carotid artery than in the common carotid artery.Mean fibrinolytic activity of the macroscopically normal areas seemed to decrease with age in the intima and the media of the thoracic aorta and seemed to be low in the cases with a high atherosclerotic index.The fibrinolytic activities of all three layers of the fibrous thickened aorta seemed to decrease, and those of the media and the adventitia of the atheromatous plaque to increase.The fibrinolytic activity of the arterial wall might play some role in the progress of atherosclerosis.

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