Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among South American men who have sex with men

This chapter provides background information to the events that led to the discovery of HIV. Previously fit young men who have sex with men presented with certain infections and cancers, coupled with severe immune deficiency, which was later given the name acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This chapter gives information about the origin of HIV and its link to simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). This chapter provides information on the geographical, and the epidemiological differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2. The chapter also explains the biological implications of HIV types and subtypes. Risk factors and transmission routes are also discussed, in addition to UK and worldwide HIV prevalence data.

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Herpes simplex virus 2 serostatus and viral loads of HIV-1 in blood and semen as risk factors for HIV transmission among men who have sex with men

AIDS ◽

10.1097/qad.0b013e32830bfed8 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (13) ◽

pp. 1667-1671 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

David M Butler ◽

Davey M Smith ◽

Edward R Cachay ◽

George K Hightower ◽

Charles Thomas Nugent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus 2 ◽

Hiv 1

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Identification of CRF66_BF, a new HIV-1 circulating recombinant form of South American origin

10.1101/2021.09.14.460288 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joan Bacque ◽

Elena Delgado ◽

Sonia Benito ◽

Maria Moreno-Lorenzo ◽

Vanessa Montero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Recent Common Ancestor ◽

South American ◽

Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Phylogenetic Cluster ◽

Subtype B ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Full Length Genome ◽

South American Origin ◽

Hiv 1

Circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) are important components of the HIV-1 pandemic. Among 108 reported in the literature, 17 are BF1 intersubtype recombinant, most of which are of South American origin. Among these, all 5 identified in the Southern Cone and neighboring countries, except Brazil, derive from a common recombinant ancestor related to CRF12_BF, which circulates widely in Argentina, as deduced from coincident breakpoints and clustering in phylogenetic trees. In a HIV-1 molecular epidemiological study in Spain, we identified a phylogenetic cluster of 20 samples from 3 separate regions which were of F1 subsubtype, related to the Brazilian strain, in protease-reverse transcriptase (Pr-RT) and of subtype B in integrase. Remarkably, 14 individuals from this cluster (designated BF9) were Paraguayans and only 4 were native Spaniards. HIV-1 transmission was predominantly heterosexual, except for a subcluster of 6 individuals, 5 of which were men who have sex with men. Ten additional database sequences, from Argentina (n=4), Spain (n=3), Paraguay (n=1), Brazil (n=1), and Italy (n=1), branched within the BF9 cluster. To determine whether it represents a new CRF, near full-length genome (NFLG) sequences were obtained for 6 viruses from 3 Spanish regions. Bootscan analyses showed a coincident BF1 recombinant structure, with 5 breakpoints, located in p17gag, integrase, gp120, gp41-rev overlap, and nef, which was identical to that of two BF1 recombinant viruses from Paraguay previously sequenced in NFLGs. Interestingly, none of the breakpoints coincided with those of CRF12_BF. In a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, all 8 NFLG sequences grouped in a strongly supported clade segregating from previously identified CRFs and from the CRF12_BF family clade. These results allow us to identify a new HIV-1 CRF, designated CRF66_BF. Through a Bayesian coalescent analysis, the most recent common ancestor of CRF66_BF was estimated around 1984 in South America, either in Paraguay or Argentina. Among Pr-RT sequences obtained by us from HIV-1-infected Paraguayans living in Spain, 14 (20.9%) of 67 were of CRF66_BF, suggesting that CRF66_BF may be one of the major HIV-1 genetic forms circulating in Paraguay. CRF66_BF is the first reported non-Brazilian South American HIV-1 CRF_BF unrelated to CRF12_BF

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Incidence and Risk Factors for Incident Syphilis among HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men in a Large Urban HIV Clinic in Tokyo, 2008−2015

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0168642 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. e0168642 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Takeshi Nishijima ◽

Katsuji Teruya ◽

Satoshi Shibata ◽

Yasuaki Yanagawa ◽

Taiichiro Kobayashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Hiv 1

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Increasing prevalence and local transmission of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in the French Antilles and French Guiana between 1995 and 2018

Virus Evolution ◽

10.1093/ve/veaa081 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Gonzalo Bello ◽

Edson Delatorre ◽

Vincent Lacoste ◽

Edith Darcissac ◽

Cécile Herrmann-Storck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

French Guiana ◽

Age Groups ◽

Risk Groups ◽

South American ◽

Transmission Networks ◽

Subtype B ◽

Sex With Men ◽

French Overseas Territories ◽

Overseas Territories ◽

Hiv 1

Abstract The Caribbean and South American French Overseas Territories (CSAFOT) are the regions most heavily affected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic in France. Although dominated by HIV-1 subtype B, the detection of non-B subtypes and the great proportion of HIV-positive persons born abroad demonstrated the potential for local spread of non-B subtype strains in CSAFOT. To reconstruct the epidemiologic dynamics of major non-B subtype clusters spreading in CSAFOT, we conducted phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of 2,523 HIV-1 pol sequences collected from patients living in Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana from 1995 to 2018. A large variety of HIV-1 non-B subtype strains (eight subtypes, twelve CRFs, and multiple URFs) have been introduced in CSAFOT and their prevalence significantly increases over time in Martinique and Guadeloupe. We identified twelve major transmission networks of non-B subtypes (CRF02_AG and subtypes A3, C, D, and F1) that probably arose in Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and mainland France between the late 1970s and the middle 2000s. Phylogeographic analyses support frequent non-B subtype viral transmissions within CSAFOT as well as transatlantic transmission between CSAFOT and mainland France. Domestic transmission networks of non-B subtype variants in CSAFOT comprise both men having sex with men and heterosexual individuals from different age groups. Different HIV-1 non-B subtype variants were sequentially introduced in CSAFOT between the late 1970s and the middle 2000s and are currently spreading through domestic, regional, and/or transatlantic networks of individuals from different age and risk groups.

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Incidence and Risk Factors for Incident Hepatitis C Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men With HIV-1 Infection in a Large Urban HIV Clinic in Tokyo

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes ◽

10.1097/qai.0000000000000044 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 213-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Takeshi Nishijima ◽

Takuro Shimbo ◽

Hirokazu Komatsu ◽

Yohei Hamada ◽

Hiroyuki Gatanaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis C Infection ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Hiv 1

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Identification of CRF66_BF, a New HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form of South American Origin

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.774386 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Joan Bacqué ◽

Elena Delgado ◽

Sonia Benito ◽

María Moreno-Lorenzo ◽

Vanessa Montero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Recent Common Ancestor ◽

South American ◽

Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Phylogenetic Cluster ◽

Subtype B ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Full Length Genome ◽

South American Origin ◽

Hiv 1

Circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) are important components of the HIV-1 pandemic. Among 110 reported in the literature, 17 are BF1 intersubtype recombinant, most of which are of South American origin. Among these, all 5 identified in the Southern Cone and neighboring countries, except Brazil, derive from a common recombinant ancestor related to CRF12_BF, which circulates widely in Argentina, as deduced from coincident breakpoints and clustering in phylogenetic trees. In a HIV-1 molecular epidemiological study in Spain, we identified a phylogenetic cluster of 20 samples from 3 separate regions which were of F1 subsubtype, related to the Brazilian strain, in protease-reverse transcriptase (Pr-RT) and of subtype B in integrase. Remarkably, 14 individuals from this cluster (designated BF9) were Paraguayans and only 4 were native Spaniards. HIV-1 transmission was predominantly heterosexual, except for a subcluster of 6 individuals, 5 of which were men who have sex with men. Ten additional database sequences, from Argentina (n = 4), Spain (n = 3), Paraguay (n = 1), Brazil (n = 1), and Italy (n = 1), branched within the BF9 cluster. To determine whether it represents a new CRF, near full-length genome (NFLG) sequences were obtained for 6 viruses from 3 Spanish regions. Bootscan analyses showed a coincident BF1 recombinant structure, with 5 breakpoints, located in p17gag, integrase, gp120, gp41-rev overlap, and nef, which was identical to that of two BF1 recombinant viruses from Paraguay previously sequenced in NFLGs. Interestingly, none of the breakpoints coincided with those of CRF12_BF. In a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, all 8 NFLG sequences grouped in a strongly supported clade segregating from previously identified CRFs and from the CRF12_BF “family” clade. These results allow us to identify a new HIV-1 CRF, designated CRF66_BF. Through a Bayesian coalescent analysis, the most recent common ancestor of CRF66_BF was estimated around 1984 in South America, either in Paraguay or Argentina. Among Pr-RT sequences obtained by us from HIV-1-infected Paraguayans living in Spain, 14 (20.9%) of 67 were of CRF66_BF, suggesting that CRF66_BF may be one of the major HIV-1 genetic forms circulating in Paraguay. CRF66_BF is the first reported non-Brazilian South American HIV-1 CRF_BF unrelated to CRF12_BF.

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Identification of risk factors associated with national transmission and late presentation of HIV-1, Denmark, 2009 to 2017

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.47.2002008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (47) ◽

Author(s):

Maarten van Wijhe ◽

Thea K Fischer ◽

Jannik Fonager

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Late Presentation ◽

Late Presenters ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Subtype B ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Epidemiological Information

Background Despite availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), the incidence of HIV-1 in Europe remained stable the past decade. Reduction of new HIV-1 infections requires more knowledge about the profiles of high-risk transmitters and late presenters (LP). Aim We aimed to investigate risk factors associated with HIV-1 transmission clusters and late presentation with HIV-1 in Denmark. Methods Blood samples and epidemiological information were collected from newly diagnosed HIV-1 patients between 2009 and 2017. We genotyped pol genes and performed phylogenetic analyses to identify clusters. Risk factors for clustering and LP were investigated with partial proportional odds and logistic regression. Covariates included transmission mode, HIV-1 subtype, age, origin and cluster activity. Results We included 1,040 individuals in the analysis, 59.6% identified with subtype B and 48.4% in a cluster. Risk factors for clustering included Danish origin (odds ratio (OR): 2.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.21–3.96), non-LP (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.12–1.86), and men who have sex with men (MSM). Increasing age and non-B subtype infection decreased risk (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50–0.94). Risk for late presentation was lower for active clusters (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.44–0.82) and Danish origin (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.27–0.67). Non-Danish MSM had a lower risk than non-Danish heterosexuals (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.21–0.55). Conclusion HIV-1 transmission in Denmark is driven by early diagnosed, young, subtype B infected MSM. These may benefit most from PrEP. Non-Danish heterosexual HIV-1 patients could benefit from improved communication to achieve earlier diagnosis and treatment.

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