scholarly journals P121 Cost-Effectiveness of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (A1AT) Deficiency Case-Finding in Secondary Care: Abstract P121 TABLE 1.

Thorax ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A130.1-A130
Author(s):  
L Dron ◽  
S Whiting ◽  
D Thorburn ◽  
M Pinzani ◽  
B Gooptu ◽  
...  
Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Powell ◽  
L. J. Bonnett ◽  
C. T. Smith ◽  
D. A. Hughes ◽  
P. R. Williamson ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Routinely recorded data held in electronic health records can be used to inform the conduct of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). However, limitations with access and accuracy have been identified. Objective: Using epilepsy as an exemplar condition, we assessed the attributes and agreement of routinely recorded data compared to data collected using case report forms in a UK RCT assessing antiepileptic drug treatments for individuals newly diagnosed with epilepsy. Methods The case study RCT is the Standard and New Antiepileptic Drugs II (SANAD II) trial, a pragmatic, UK multicentre RCT assessing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs as treatments for epilepsy. Ninety-eight of 470 eligible participants provided consent for access to routinely recorded secondary care data that were retrieved from NHS Digital Hospital Episode Statistics (N=71) and primary and secondary care data from The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank (N=27). We assessed data items relevant to the identification of individuals eligible for inclusion in SANAD II, baseline and follow-up visits. The attributes of routinely recorded data were assessed including the degree of missing data. The agreement between routinely recorded data and data collected on case report forms in SANAD II was assessed using calculation of Cohen’s kappa for categorical data and construction of Bland-Altman plots for continuous data. Results There was a significant degree of missing data in the routine record for 15 of the 20 variables assessed, including all clinical variables. Agreement was poor for the majority of comparisons, including the assessments of seizure occurrence and adverse events. For example, only 23/62 (37%) participants had a date of first-ever seizure identified in routine datasets. Agreement was satisfactory for the date of prescription of antiepileptic drugs and episodes of healthcare resource use. Conclusions There are currently significant limitations preventing the use of routinely recorded data for participant identification and assessment of clinical outcomes in epilepsy, and potentially other chronic conditions. Further research is urgently required to assess the attributes, agreement, additional benefits, cost-effectiveness and ‘optimal mix’ of routinely recorded data compared to data collected using standard methods such as case report forms at clinic visits for people with epilepsy. Trial registration Standard and New Antiepileptic Drugs II (SANAD II (EudraCT No: 2012-001884-64, registered 05/09/2012; ISRCTN Number: ISRCTN30294119, registered 03/07/2012))


2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Mooney ◽  
John S. Leeds ◽  
Nafan Libzo ◽  
Reina Sidhu ◽  
Kate E. Evans ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 1-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Winpenny ◽  
Céline Miani ◽  
Emma Pitchforth ◽  
Sarah Ball ◽  
Ellen Nolte ◽  
...  

AimThis study updates a previous scoping review published by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) in 2006 (Roland M, McDonald R, Sibbald B.Outpatient Services and Primary Care: A Scoping Review of Research Into Strategies For Improving Outpatient Effectiveness and Efficiency. Southampton: NIHR Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre; 2006) and focuses on strategies to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of outpatient services.Findings from the scoping reviewEvidence from the scoping review suggests that, with appropriate safeguards, training and support, substantial parts of care given in outpatient clinics can be transferred to primary care. This includes additional evidence since our 2006 review which supports general practitioner (GP) follow-up as an alternative to outpatient follow-up appointments, primary medical care of chronic conditions and minor surgery in primary care. Relocating specialists to primary care settings is popular with patients, and increased joint working between specialists and GPs, as suggested in the NHS Five Year Forward View, can be of substantial educational value. However, for these approaches there is very limited information on cost-effectiveness; we do not know whether they increase or reduce overall demand and whether the new models cost more or less than traditional approaches. One promising development is the increasing use of e-mail between GPs and specialists, with some studies suggesting that better communication (including the transmission of results and images) could substantially reduce the need for some referrals.Findings from the substudiesBecause of the limited literature on some areas, we conducted a number of substudies in England. The first was of referral management centres, which have been established to triage and, potentially, divert referrals away from hospitals. These centres encounter practical and administrative challenges and have difficulty getting buy-in from local clinicians. Their effectiveness is uncertain, as is the effect of schemes which provide systematic review of referrals within GP practices. However, the latter appear to have more positive educational value, as shown in our second substudy. We also studied consultants who held contracts with community-based organisations rather than with hospital trusts. Although these posts offer opportunities in terms of breaking down artificial and unhelpful primary–secondary care barriers, they may be constrained by their idiosyncratic nature, a lack of clarity around roles, challenges to professional identity and a lack of opportunities for professional development. Finally, we examined the work done by other countries to reform activity at the primary–secondary care interface. Common approaches included the use of financial mechanisms and incentives, the transfer of work to primary care, the relocation of specialists and the use of guidelines and protocols. With the possible exception of financial incentives, the lack of robust evidence on the effect of these approaches and the contexts in which they were introduced limits the lessons that can be drawn for the English NHS.ConclusionsFor many conditions, high-quality care in the community can be provided and is popular with patients. There is little conclusive evidence on the cost-effectiveness of the provision of more care in the community. In developing new models of care for the NHS, it should not be assumed that community-based care will be cheaper than conventional hospital-based care. Possible reasons care in the community may be more expensive include supply-induced demand and addressing unmet need through new forms of care and through loss of efficiency gained from concentrating services in hospitals. Evidence from this study suggests that further shifts of care into the community can be justified only if (a) high value is given to patient convenience in relation to NHS costs or (b) community care can be provided in a way that reduces overall health-care costs. However, reconfigurations of services are often introduced without adequate evaluation and it is important that new NHS initiatives should collect data to show whether or not they have added value, and improved quality and patient and staff experience.FundingThe NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research programme.


Author(s):  
Е.А. Ларшина ◽  
Н.В. Милованова ◽  
Е.А. Каменец

Недостаточность альфа-1-антитрипсина - наследственное заболевание, характеризующееся низким уровнем белка альфа-1-антитрипсина (A1AT) в крови. В основном дефицит A1AT проявляется в виде хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ), эмфиземы, а также поражения печени и сосудов. А1АТ является главным ингибитором сериновых протеаз в крови человека. Недостаточность А1АТ обусловлена мутациями в гене SERPINA1. Наиболее распространенными аллельными вариантами в гене SERPINA1 являются S (p.Glu288Val) и Z (р.Glu366Lys), однако в клинической практике большинство случаев тяжелого дефицита А1АТ связаны с генотипом PIZZ. У пациентов с PIZZ патология легких представляет собой фенотип «потери функции», так как дефицит A1AT приводит к ускоренному разрушению паренхимы легких, приводящему к эмфиземе. При Z-мутации 85% синтезированного белка блокируется в гепатоцитах из-за неправильного сворачивания и полимеризации. Накопление полимеризованного белка в эндоплазматической сети гепатоцитов в свою очередь приводит к хроническим заболеваниям печени у некоторых пациентов: циррозу и злокачественным новообразованиям печени. Дефицит А1АТ является довольно распространенным заболеванием, но выявляется лишь незначительная часть лиц с данной патологией. Недостаточность А1АТ зачастую ошибочно диагностируется как ХОБЛ, бронхиальная астма или криптогенное заболевание печени. Задержка в установлении диагноза составляет обычно более 5 лет (в среднем около 8 лет) что, как правило, связано с плохой осведомленностью врачей, недооценкой его распространенности и вариабельностью клинических проявлений. В настоящее время для лечения дефицита А1АТ с легочными проявлениями возможно применение аугментационной терапии, основанной на внутривенном введении очищенного человеческого А1АТ. Также активно ведется поиск новых препаратов, способных улучшить прогноз у пациентов с патологией печени. Современные подходы в лечении дефицита А1АТ, сосредоточенные на генной терапии, становятся перспективным направлением в лечении как легочной, так и печеночной патологии при дефиците А1АТ. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic disorder characterized by low level of alfa-1-antitripsin protein (A1AT) in the blood. Usually, A1AT deficiency results in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysemas, liver disease and vessels damaging. A1AT is the main inhibitor of serine proteases in human blood. A1AT deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene SERPINA1. The most common SERPINA1 allelic variants are S (p.Glu288Val) and Z (p.Glu366Lys). However, the most of documented severe cases of A1AD are associated with PIZZ genotype. PIZZ genotype patients have loss-of-function phenotype due to accelerated lung parenchyma destruction resulting in emphysema. Z mutation genotype leads to blocking of 85% synthesized protein in hepatocytes due to wrong folding and polymerization. Accumulation of the bodied protein in hepatocytes endoplasmic reticulum results in chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and other liver pathologies. A1AT deficiency is a common disorder, however, this diagnosis is established in a small part of the patients. A1AT deficiency is often misdiagnosed as COPD, asthma or сryptogenic liver disease. Usually, due to underestimating the prevalence of the disease and its unspecific symptoms, the diagnosis delay is more than 5 years (on average about 8 years). Nowadays it is possible to treat lung form of A1AT deficiency used the augmentation therapy, that bases on intravenous infusions of pure human A1AT. Also, the active development of new drugs to improve the prognosis in the patients with liver pathology is ongoing. Modern approaches of A1AT deficiency treatment, focused on gene therapy, are becoming a promising direction in the managing of both pulmonary and hepatic pathology with A1AT deficiency.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trudie Chalder ◽  
Meenal Patel ◽  
Kirsty James ◽  
Matthew Hotopf ◽  
Philipp Frank ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Persistent physical symptoms (PPS), also known as medically unexplained symptoms (MUS), affect approximately 50% of patients in secondary care and are often associated with disability, psychological distress and increased health care costs. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has demonstrated both short- and long-term efficacy with small to medium effect sizes for PPS, with larger treatment effects for specific PPS syndromes, including non-cardiac chest pain, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Research indicates that PPS conditions share similar cognitive and behavioural responses to symptoms, such as avoidance and unhelpful beliefs. This suggests that a transdiagnostic approach may be beneficial for patients with PPS. Methods A randomised controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a transdiagnostic CBT-based intervention for PPS. 322 participants with PPS will be recruited from secondary care clinics. Participants stratified by clinic and disability level will be randomised to CBT plus standard medical care (SMC) versus SMC alone. The intervention consists of 8 CBT sessions delivered by a qualified therapist over a period of 20 weeks. Outcomes will be assessed at 9, 20, 40- and 52-weeks post randomisation. Efficacy will be assessed by examining the difference between arms in the primary outcome Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) at 52 weeks after randomisation. Secondary outcomes will include mood, symptom severity and clinical global impression at 9, 20, 40 and 52 weeks. Cost-effectiveness will be evaluated by combining measures of health service use, informal care, loss of working hours and financial benefits at 52 weeks. Discussion This trial will provide a powered evaluation of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a transdiagnostic CBT approach versus SMC for patients with PPS. It will also provide valuable information about potential healthcare pathways for patients with PPS within the National Health Service (NHS). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02426788. Registered 27 April 2015. Overall trial status: Ongoing; Recruitment status: No longer recruiting.


2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. HELSPER ◽  
B. A. BORKENT-RAVEN ◽  
N. J. DE WIT ◽  
G. A. VAN ESSEN ◽  
M. J. M. BONTEN ◽  
...  

SUMMARYOn account of the serious complications of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the improved treatment possibilities, the need to improve HCV awareness and case-finding is increasingly recognized. To optimize a future national campaign with this objective, three pilot campaigns were executed in three regions in The Netherlands. One campaign was aimed at the general population, a second (similar) campaign was extended with a support programme for primary care and a third campaign was specifically aimed at hard-drug users. Data from the pilot campaigns were used to build a mathematical model to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the different campaigns. The campaign aimed at the general public without support for primary care did not improve case-finding and was therefore not cost-effective. The similar campaign accompanied by additional support for primary care and the campaign aimed at hard-drug users emerged as cost-effective interventions for identification of HCV carriers.


BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e020521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Burn ◽  
Jane Fleming ◽  
Carol Brayne ◽  
Chris Fox ◽  
Frances Bunn

ObjectivesIn 2012–2013, the English National Health Service mandated hospitals to conduct systematic case-finding of people with dementia among older people with unplanned admissions. The method was not defined. The aim of this study was to understand current approaches to dementia case-finding in acute hospitals in England and explore the views of healthcare professionals on perceived benefits and challenges.DesignQualitative study involving interviews, focus groups and thematic content analysis.SettingPrimary care and secondary care across six counties in the East of England.ParticipantsHospital staff involved in dementia case-finding and primary care staff in the catchment areas of those hospitals.ResultsWe recruited 23 hospital staff and 36 primary care staff, including 30 general practitioners (GPs). Analysis resulted in three themes: (1) lack of consistent approaches in case-finding processes, (2) barriers between primary care and secondary care which impact on case-finding outcomes and (3) perceptions of rationale, aims and impacts of case-finding. The study shows that there were variations in how well hospitals recorded and reported outcomes to GPs. Barriers between primary care and secondary care, including GPs’ lack of access to hospital investigations and lack of clarity about roles and responsibilities, impacted case-finding outcomes. Staff in secondary care were more positive about the initiative than primary care staff, and there were conflicting priorities for primary care and secondary care regarding case-finding.ConclusionsThe study suggests a more evidence-based approach was needed to justify approaches to dementia case-finding. Information communicated to primary care from hospitals needs to be comprehensive, appropriate and consistent before GPs can effectively plan further investigation, treatment or care. Follow-up in primary care further requires access to options for postdiagnostic support. There is a need to evaluate the outcomes for patients and the economic impact on health and care services across settings.


2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (Supplement_5) ◽  
pp. v5-v16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Ward ◽  
Linda Campbell ◽  
Julian Surey ◽  
Steven Platts ◽  
Rachel Glass ◽  
...  

Abstract Background HCV disproportionately affects marginalized communities such as homeless populations and people who inject drugs (PWID), posing a challenge to traditional health services. The HepFriend initiative in London is a model of care utilizing HCV outreach screening and peer support to link vulnerable individuals to HCV treatment in secondary care. Objectives To assess the cost-effectiveness of the HepFriend initiative from a healthcare provider perspective, compared with standard-of-care pathways (consisting of testing in primary care and other static locations, including drug treatment centres, and linkage to secondary care). Methods Cost-effectiveness analysis using a dynamic HCV transmission and disease progression model among PWID and those who have ceased injecting, including housing status and drug treatment service contact. The model was parameterized using London-specific surveillance and survey data, and primary intervention cost and effectiveness data (September 2015 to June 2018). Out of 461 individuals screened, 197 were identified as HCV RNA positive, 180 attended secondary care and 89 have commenced treatment to date. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was determined using a 50 year time horizon. Results For a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20000 per QALY gained, the HepFriend initiative is cost-effective, with a mean ICER of £9408/QALY, and would become cost saving at 27% (£10525 per treatment) of the current drug list price. Results are robust to variations in intervention costs and model assumptions, and if treatment rates are doubled the intervention becomes more cost-effective (£8853/QALY). Conclusions New models of care that undertake active case-finding with enhanced peer support to improve testing and treatment uptake amongst marginalized and vulnerable groups could be highly cost-effective and possibly cost saving.


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