scholarly journals Lives or Livelihoods? Perceived Trade-Offs and Policy Views

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Settele ◽  
Cortnie Shupe

Abstract We study the role of perceived trade-offs between human lives and economic benefits in shaping policy views. In an online experiment with a representative sample from the US conducted during the early Covid-19 pandemic, we provide randomized information on the medium-run costs of restricting economic activity to mitigate infections. A one standard deviation lower perceived economic cost of lockdowns increases support by about twice as much as having a Covid at-risk condition, and by half as much as being a Democrat. Varying projected health benefits has a similar effect. Personal exposure to health risks reduces people’s responsiveness to cost-benefit considerations.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Ghoshal ◽  
Anuradha Bhat

AbstractMate search tactics and association preferences among organisms in natural habitats can be dynamic and are determined by inherent trait preferences as well as the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with each mating decision. Two of the prime factors regulating mating decisions are the presence of competing conspecifics and predatory threats, both of which have important fitness consequences for the individual. We studied the influence of these two factors separately in mate search tactics and association preferences among zebrafish males. Male zebrafish were presented with a choice of two patches, consisting of different number of females, of which one patch was also associated with a predatory threat. We found that males made a preferential choice for the patch with more number of females only when the numerical difference between choices are starkly different, irrespective of the predatory threat associated with the patch. This points towards the role of numerical cognition in assessing cost-benefit tradeoffs in male zebrafish. We also studied the association preference of males in a multi-choice setup, consisting of four separate mixed-sex groups of zebrafish varying in densities. Our results showed that while test males preferred to visit the male-biased patches more often, they spent more time near female-biased patches or patches with equal sex ratio patches indicating the role of complex interplay of social cues in determining the associative behavior of males to a patch. This study, thus, sheds further light on the interactive roles of social cues and cognitive abilities in mate association patterns in this species.


2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Leef Dierks

Im vergangenen Jahr kamen weit mehr als 1,1 Mio. Flüchtlinge nach Deutschland. Unstrittig ist, dass diese historisch beispielslose Zuwanderung immense volkswirtschaftliche Kosten von bis zu 55 Mrd. € im Jahre 2022 verursachen wird. Doch in dem Maße, in dem mittelfristig eine Integration der Migranten in den Arbeitsmarkt gelingt, kann mit dieser Entwicklung auch ein erheblicher volkswirtschaftlicher Nutzen einhergehen. Ungeachtet der politischen Dimension der anhaltenden Zuwanderung vermittelt dieser Beitrag eine Einschätzung der Auswirkungen auf die öffentlichen Haushalte. Als problematisch erweist sich dabei insbesondere die eingeschränkte Belastbarkeit bisher vorliegender Daten. Zudem sei darauf verwiesen, dass die sogenannte Flüchtlingskrise sich per se jeglicher Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung entzieht. Es handelt sich zunächst um eine humanitäre Herausforderung. Diese ist nur sehr eingeschränkt für eine Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse geeignet. In 2015, more than 1.1m refugees sought shelter in Germany. It is undisputed that this historically unprecedented immigration will incur immense costs; potentially as much €55bn in 2022. To the extent to which migrants can be successfully integrated into the labour market in the medium term, however, economic benefits could materialise. Notwithstanding the political dimension of the ongoing immigration, this contribution assesses the overall impact on public finances. The lack of reliable data proves to be challenging. Further, the refugee crisis first and foremost is a humanitarian challenge. This inevitably raises the question whether the issue is well suited for an economic cost-benefit-analysis. Keywords: zuwanderung, staatshaushalt, migration, hartz iv, fiskalische kosten


2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Lucy Popova

IntroductionThe US Food and Drug Administration requires e-cigarettes to carry a nicotine addiction warning. This research compared the effects of messages communicating comparative risk of electronic and combusted cigarettes (CR messages) with and without the mandated warning and tested the effects of showing a nicotine fact sheet (NFS) before exposure to CR messages with warning.MethodIn an online experiment, 1528 US adult smokers were randomised to one of four conditions: (1) three CR messages, (2) three CR messages in condition one with an addiction warning, (3) an NFS followed by the three messages in condition 2 and (4) control messages. Outcomes included message reactions and perceived effectiveness, e-cigarette-related and cigarette-related beliefs and behavioural intentions and nicotine-related beliefs.ResultsCR messages with and without an addiction warning did not differ. The NFS condition produced higher odds of correctly understanding the risk of nicotine and stronger beliefs that switching to e-cigarettes could reduce health risks (response efficacy) than other treatments. Compared with control, all messages made it more likely for people to report e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes and increased response efficacy and switch intentions to e-cigarettes. Only NFS condition increased correct beliefs about the risk of nicotine and self-efficacy about switching to e-cigarettes.ConclusionIncluding an addiction warning on CR messages did not reduce intentions to switch to e-cigarettes. Communicating accurate risk of nicotine together with CR messages and addiction warning increased smokers’ self-efficacy beliefs about switching completely to e-cigarettes, making it a potentially promising antitobacco communication strategy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (20) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Orzan ◽  
Alexandra Pricop ◽  
Madalina Maria Mihalache

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.


2009 ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Glaziev

The article analyzes fundamental reasons for the world economic crisis in the light of global technological shifts. It proves that it is caused by the substitution of technological modes. It is shown that sharp increase and slump in stock indices and prices for energy resources are typical of the process of technological substitution which occurs regularly according to the rhythm of long-wave fluctuations of the world economic activity. The article rationalizes a package of anti-crisis measures aimed at stimulating the new technological mode. Its structure and role of the locomotive factor of the new long wave of economic growth are revealed.


2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Patrick Artus ◽  
Jean-François Théodore

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