Effects of soaking on the water-soluble carbohydrate and crude protein content of hay

2011 ◽  
Vol 168 (23) ◽  
pp. 618-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Longland ◽  
C. Barfoot ◽  
P. A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Action of Simazine in Increasing Plant Protein Content

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Pulver ◽  
S. K. Ries
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Water Soluble Protein ◽  
Time Course Study ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Application of 10-8M 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) to the roots of 10-day old barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Coho’) seedlings grown in nutrient cultures increased the water-soluble protein content when grown at 20 C day, 15 C night with 3 mM nitrate nitrogen. The water-soluble carbohydrate content decreased with increases in water-soluble protein. In a time-course study simazine increased14C-leucine incorporation into protein prior to increasing nitrate uptake, indicating that simazine may have a direct influence on protein synthesis. The nonherbicidal metabolite of simazine, 2-hydroxy-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (hydroxysimazine), did not affect14C-leucine incorporation into protein.

Nitrogen fertiliser effects on nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass during late autumn, and mid- and late winter in western Victoria

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
F. R. McKenzie ◽  
G. A. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

A study determined the effects of differing rates of nitrogen fertiliser [0 (N0), 25 (N1), 50 (N2) and 75�kg N/ha (N3)] during late autumn (T1) and mid- (T2) and late (T3) winter on the nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass over a 28-day period after each application. All nitrogen applications were made to pastures with a post-grazed residual mass (dry matter) of 1400 kg/ha. Changes in metabolisable energy followed similar patterns for all treatments within a given period. Metabolisable energy was highest in T1, ranging from 11.8 to 13.1 MJ/kg dry matter, followed by T2 (11.5-12.3 MJ/kg dry matter) and T3 (10.6-11.5 MJ/kg dry matter). Changes in crude protein for all treatments at each application time were similar, irrespective of rate of nitrogen application. At the commencement of treatment application times, the existing crude protein content (%DM) was highest in N3 (T1�19, T2 23, T3 22), followed by N2 (T1 18, T2 21, T3 21), N1 (T1 17, T2 20, T3 20) and N0 (T1 16, T2 17, T3 18). During both T1 and T2, neutral detergent fibre content decreased by 4 percentage units and increased by a similar amount during T3. Generally, neutral detergent fibre content (%DM) was highest during T3 (53-58%), followed by T2 (45-54%) and T1 (43-49%). Water-soluble carbohydrate content (%DM) increased during all treatment periods with the highest level observed during T1 (18-31%) followed by T2 (3-14%) and T3 (1-6%). Nitrate content (measured as nitrate-nitrogen) decreased throughout T1, primarily due to dry conditions, while during T2, levels for N3 and N2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than for N1 and N0 following nitrogen fertiliser application. During T3, nitrate content increased for all treatments throughout the 28-day period, with highest nitrate levels being observed during T3. The effect of applied nitrogen on mineral content was variable within and across treatment periods. The study indicates that nitrogen fertiliser did not affect metabolisable (apart from N3 elevating metabolisable energy during T3), neutral detergent fibre or water-soluble carbohydrate contents of perennial ryegrass during the 28 days after nitrogen application, but increased crude protein content. Also, nitrogen fertiliser elevated nitrate content in perennial ryegrass. While the elevated nitrate content observed may result in subclinical effects, these levels are not considered fatal for dairy cows. Crude protein content was generally above 20% of dry matter throughout the study and close to 30% of dry matter for short periods during T2. Minimising the effect of excess nitrogen ingested by the grazing animal may require appropriate supplementation of low crude protein containing feeds such as cereal grains. It is argued that the effects of rain and temperature, which impact on soil nitrogen mineralisation, may have a greater influence on perennial ryegrass nitrate content than nitrogen fertiliser.

Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep:V. The digestion of four herbages and prediction of sites of digestion

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
A. R. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dietary Origin

SUMMARYThe extents and sites of digestion of organic matter (OM), and its constituent watersoluble carbohydrates, organic acids, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and crude protein have been studied in sheep prepared with re-entrant duodenal cannulas and fed four fresh herbage diets, Ruanui perennial ryegrass, Tama Westerwolds ryegrass, Pitau white clover and Fakir sainfoin, at each of two levels of intake.The water-soluble carbohydrate, organic acids and pectin of all diets were almost completely digested within the rumen. Some 10% of water soluble carbohydrate reached the duodenum on each diet, though this may not have been of dietary origin. Only on legume diets, where pectin concentration was higher, did measurable amounts of pectin reach the intestine, accounting for some 5% of the pectin.Hemicellulose and cellulose digestibilities differed between diets, being lowest for sainfoin, and next lowest for clover. Between 79 and 94% of digestible hemicellulose was digested in the stomach, but diet and intake had no significant effect on this partition. Of the digestible cellulose, 87–97% was digested in the stomach.Digestibility of N was lowest for sainfoin and highest for Tama ryegrass. There were no significant differences between herbage species or intake in the percentage of digested N digested in the stomach or intestines. The tannin contained in sainfoin had no effect on nitrogen digestion.Data from this and other studies reported in the literature were examined as a basis for establishing prediction equations whereby the partition of digestion of the major carbohydrate and nitrogenous constituents in stomach and intestines might be estimated from data obtainable from standard digestibility trials. Regressions were developed for predicting the amounts of OM, cellulose, and hemicellulose digested in the stomach. There are not yet enough suitable data available to predict the amount of nitrogen entering the small intestine.

The effects of feeding grass silage and molassed sugarbeet pulp either separately or as an ensiled mixture to twin-bearing ewes

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. O'DOHERTY ◽  
P. NOWAKOWSKI ◽  
T. F. CROSBY
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

First-harvest, precision-chopped Lolium perenne grass with a dry matter (DM) content of 132·0 g/kg and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP) contents of 24 g/kg and 106 g/kg DM, respectively, was ensiled in farm scale silos following the addition of formic acid (FA) (2·5 l/t) or molassed sugarbeet pulp (MSBP) (50 kg/t). Mature twin-bearing ewes (n=56) were allocated to one of seven treatments and offered either FA-treated silage or MSBP silage ad libitum. The trial commenced on day 91 of pregnancy, when the ewes were offered FA-treated silage (T1), FA-treated silage+soyabean meal (T2), MSBP silage (T3), MSBP silage+soyabean meal (T4), FA-treated silage+MSBP (T5), FA-treated silage+MSBP+soyabean meal (T6) or FA-treated silage+a barley-based supplement (150 g CP per kg DM) (T7, control). Soyabean meal supplementation was only offered in the last 3 weeks of pregnancy, with the objective of achieving a total CP intake of 220 g/ewe per day. Compared with the FA-treated silage, the MSBP silage had a higher nitrogen content (P<0·01) and a lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content, but the two silages did not differ in DM, acid detergent fibre (ADF) or gross energy contents. Silage DM intakes (SDMI) were higher on the MSBP silage-based diets (T3, T4) than for any other treatment (P<0·05). The addition of soyabean meal significantly increased SDMI in T2 in the last week of pregnancy (P<0·05), but there was no response in SDMI to soyabean meal supplementation in any of the other treatments. Ewe liveweight changes (kg) of −0·4, 4·1, 7·8, 10·2, 7·1, 9·6 and 10·8 (S.E.±1·2), body condition score changes of −0·96, −0·59, −0·42, −0·33, −0·37, +0·01 and −0·27 (S.E.±0·1) and total lamb birth weights (kg) of 8·0, 8·7, 9·2, 9·9, 8·6, 8·0 and 10·4 (S.E.±0·5) were recorded for ewes in T1 to T7 respectively.

The proportions of cell content, nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrate in three grasses in the early stages of regrowth after defoliation with and without applied nitrogen

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
P. T. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

SUMMARYThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 22 Italian ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot was studied in field swards with and without applied nitrogen during the 21 days following a cut or grazing, there being a total of five periods of study at different tunes of year and in different years.The proportion of cell content in the harvested herbage, as measured by neutral detergent, increased by nearly 9 percentage units from day 3 to day 18 of regrowth. The proportion of cell content as measured by acid pepsin also increased during regrowth, but to a lesser extent. The proportion of cell content in leaf blades of two age categories, as measured by neutral detergent, also increased during regrowth. The above increases in proportion of cell content were found in all three grasses. The increases were associated with increases in the proportion of crude protein in dry matter, which were only partially offset by reductions in the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate. The broad pattern of change in N and nitrate-N content of Italian ryegrass herbage during regrowth in spring with different amounts of N applied, noted in earlier experiments, was confirmed and found to apply to perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot also. During a September-October period of study there was little sign of decline in nitrate-N content within the 21 days where N had been applied. Younger leaf blades had a rather lower nitrate-N content and a slightly higher total N content, on average, than, older blades. The application of N increased the proportion of crude protein more than it reduced the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate and it increased the proportion of cell content. The increase in proportion of cell content was sufficient to explain the positive effect of N application on digestibility. The average proportion of total herbage N which was found in the cell wall fraction was about 12%.There appeared to be a relationship between chemical composition and dry-matter content. The chlorophyll content of leaf blades increased during regrowth and was increased by N application. The experimental results on balance, particularly those for proportion of cell content, suggest an improvement in nutritive value of grass during regrowth up to about 3 weeks in contrast to the well-recognized decline in nutritive value where regrowth proceeds beyond about 3 weeks.

scholarly journals Diurnal changes in the nutritive composition of four forage species at high and low N fertiliser

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
L.A. Box ◽  
G.R. Edwards ◽  
R.H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Nutritive Composition ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Chicory and plantain have been suggested as alternative grazed forages to perennial ryegrass for New Zealand dairy systems. While diurnal changes in plant chemical composition have been described for ryegrass there is currently little information for herbs. This experiment aimed to compare the effect of nitrogen inputs (low and high) and harvesting time (am versus pm) on the chemical composition of four forages (ryegrass, plantain, chicory and white clover). The effect of harvest time was greater than N fertiliser inputs on chemical composition for all forages. Ryegrass showed the greatest increase in water soluble carbohydrate diurnally, at the expense of neutral detergent fibre and to a lesser extent crude protein. This suggests afternoon allocation of ryegrass may be beneficial to improve the nutritive value of pasture on offer; allocation timing is less important for white clover, chicory and plantain. Keywords: chicory, clover, crude protein, plantain, ryegrass, water soluble carbohydrate

Seasonal variation in the herbage yield and nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars with high or normal herbage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations grown in three contrasting Australian dairy environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Smith ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
R. N. Oram ◽  
K. F. Lowe ◽  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Summary. Two lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cv. Aurora and breeding line Ba 11351, from the United Kingdom with elevated concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates in the shoot were compared with the standard cultivars, Ellett, Vedette and Kangaroo Valley, in pure grass swards under irrigation at Kyabram, Victoria, and Gatton, Queensland, and under natural rainfall at Condah, Victoria, during 1995–97. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to predict the water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, neutral and acid detergent fibre, and Klason lignin concentrations of the perennial ryegrass herbage. Herbage yield and water-soluble carbohydrate differed between cultivars at each site at most harvests, with the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines usually yielding less and having higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than the 3 standard cultivars. However, the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines also had higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations at harvests where their yield was equal to the standard cultivars. The other nutritive value traits differed significantly at more than half of the 32 harvests: the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines had higher crude protein and dry matter digestibility, and lower neutral detergent fibre, the neutral detergent fibre containing less acid detergent fibre and lignin than did the standard cultivars. The high water-soluble carbohydrate lines were more susceptible to crown rust during spring and summer than the standard cultivars at Kyabram and Gatton: heavy infections reduced yield, water-soluble carbohydrate, dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Higher water-soluble carbohydrate may depend on only a few genes, as does rust resistance and it seems likely that high yielding, high water-soluble carbohydrate cultivars can be developed by recombination and selection.

scholarly journals The Quality, Intake, and Digestibility of Virginia Fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby) Silage Produced under Different Technologies and Its Effect on the Performance of Young Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2270
Author(s):  
Cezary Purwin ◽  
Maciej Starczewski ◽  
Marta Borsuk ◽  
Zenon Nogalski ◽  
Paulina M. Opyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Forage Harvester

Different harvesting and preservation methods of Virginia fanpetals herbage were evaluated, based on the chemical composition and digestible organic matter (OM) content (D-value) of silage fed to adult sheep, the intake and digestibility of silage, and the performance of young cattle. The following harvesting methods were compared: direct-cut harvesting with a precision-cut forage harvester (DC), harvesting after field wilting with a precision-cut forage harvester (WC) or a round baler (WRB). The silage was fed for 81 days to 24 Polish Holstein Friesian (HF) bulls, as the sole forage supplemented with 3.0 kg of concentrate/head/day. Harvesting methods affected the density (p < 0.001) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (p = 0.047). Differences were found among the groups in the digestibility coefficients of OM (DC-73.7, WC-78.9, WRB-79.9%) (p = 0.007), and crude protein (CP) (69.8%, 77.1%, 78.5%, respectively) (p < 0.001). Dry matter intake (DMI) reached 8.38 kg (DC), 8.74 kg (WC) and 7.21 kg (WRB). Live weight gain (LWG) differed (p < 0.001) among groups (0.939, 1.033, 0.813 kg/day, respectively). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to improve in WC (8.66 kg DMI/kg LWG) (p = 0.08). The highest-quality silage was produced in group WC, and it could be successfully fed to growing bulls as the sole forage.

scholarly journals Analysis of the chemical composition and properties of the main and side products during the implementation of new technologies for producing ethanol

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
N. V. Zueva ◽  
G. V. Agafonov ◽  
I. Y. Lukinova ◽  
A. N. Dolgov
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Crude Protein Content

The article studied yeast composition isolated from the separation of the mash, bran separated in the grinding step, as well as a protein supplement obtained by mixing these two products. Crude fat content ranges from 4,7 to 6,2%, crude protein content is 38%, which is 20% lower than in the fodder yeast, but 14% higher than that of the bran. It is also found that the resulting protein product enriched in micro- and macro-elements, as well as readily hydrolyzable and water soluble carbohydrates. crude fiber content is 5,5%, which is almost 2,5 times lower than in the bran. The composition of the feed protein supplement obtained with the introduction at the stage of aqueous suspension of wheat powdery cellulolytic enzyme preparation Viskolaza 150 L and without it. The enzyme preparation was added in the step of preparing aqueous suspensions and wheat powdery dosage of 0,01% by weight of the feedstock. protein feed additives obtained with and without addition of cellulolytic enzyme preparation of high quality crude protein content and protein. Thus, the content of crude protein in the protein with the introduction of an additive in an aqueous suspension of powdery Viskolazy 150 L was 37% whereas 34% without the enzyme preparation. The amount of soluble polysaccharides and the mass fraction of ash were practically at the same level of from 2,4 to 5% and from 5,5 to 7,0%, respectively. fiber content of the protein supplement using Viskolazy 150 L was 4,2-6,1%, which is 2,5 times lower than in the protein supplement obtained without enzyme preparation.

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