Plastid protein delivery: coping with diversityThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-550
Author(s):  
Kenton Ko ◽  
Kelvin Chan ◽  
Katherine Karakasis ◽  
Babak Pedram
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Protein Delivery ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Plastid Protein ◽  
External Sources

Plastids play a central role in a variety of biosynthetic activities such as photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis, and oil production. Many of these activities depend on the compartment’s ability to adapt appropriately to the ever-changing environment of a plant cell. The pressure to adapt can arise from both internal and external sources. The complex nature of these adaptation activities is likely to be mirrored in the diversity of proteins being transported in a given situation. This diversity can be manifested at all molecular levels of the proteins, from different transit signal-bearing preproteins to different structural versions of the same preprotein. Unanticipated changes can also arise spontaneously upon exposing the population of translocating proteins to environmental stress, for example heat or cold. It is therefore important for plastids to maintain a responsive and efficient protein transport process to accommodate all situations, immediately or for the longer-term. By drawing on existing evidence, this review explores specific structural features or schemes for adapting the plastid protein delivery process and speculates on other adaptation possibilities for future consideration.

Three in One: Triple G-C-T Base-Coded Brahma Nucleobase Amino Acid: Synthesis, Peptide Formation, and Structural Features

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahendra A. Wagh ◽  
Rahul Maity ◽  
Rohit J. Bhosale ◽  
Divyam Semwal ◽  
Srinu Tothadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Peptide Formation

Protein transport in the plant secretory pathwayThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally L. Hanton ◽  
Federica Brandizzi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

The study of the plant secretory pathway is a relatively new field, developing rapidly over the last 30 years. Many exciting discoveries have already been made in this area, but as old questions are answered new ones become apparent. Our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of the plant secretory pathway is constantly expanding, in part because of the development of new technologies, mainly in bioimaging. The increasing accessibility of these new tools in combination with more established methods provides an ideal way to increase knowledge of the secretory pathway in plants. In this review we discuss recent developments in understanding protein transport between organelles in the plant secretory pathway.

Disease mechanisms of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa due to RP2 and RPGR mutations

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1235-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodanthi Lyraki ◽  
Roly Megaw ◽  
Toby Hurd
Keyword(s):  
Retinitis Pigmentosa ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Protein Delivery ◽  
Outer Segment ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Photoreceptor Degeneration

Photoreceptor degeneration is the prominent characteristic of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal dystrophies resulting in blindness. Although abnormalities in many pathways can cause photoreceptor degeneration, one of the most important causes is defective protein transport through the connecting cilium, the structure that connects the biosynthetic inner segment with the photosensitive outer segment of the photoreceptors. The majority of patients with X-linked RP have mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) or RP2 genes, the protein products of which are both components of the connecting cilium and associated with distinct mechanisms of protein delivery to the outer segment. RP2 and RPGR proteins are associated with severe diseases ranging from classic RP to atypical forms. In this short review, we will summarise current knowledge generated by experimental studies and knockout animal models, compare and discuss the prominent hypotheses about the two proteins' functions in retinal cell biology.

Exploration of cell wall architecture with the rapid-freeze deep-etch technique

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaitre ◽  
Chris Hawes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Molecular Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Plant Cell Walls

The comprehension of the molecular architecture of plant cell walls is one of the best examples in cell biology which illustrates how developments in microscopy have extended the frontiers of a topic. Indeed from the first electron microscope observation of cell walls it has become apparent that our understanding of wall structure has advanced hand in hand with improvements in the technology of specimen preparation for electron microscopy. Cell walls are sub-cellular compartments outside the peripheral plasma membrane, the construction of which depends on a complex cellular biosynthetic and secretory activity (1). They are composed of interwoven polymers, synthesised independently, which together perform a number of varied functions. Biochemical studies have provided us with much data on the varied molecular composition of plant cell walls. However, the detailed intermolecular relationships and the three dimensional arrangement of the polymers in situ remains a mystery. The difficulty in establishing a general molecular model for plant cell walls is also complicated by the vast diversity in wall composition among plant species.

Influence of increased nutrient supply on Microcystis aeruginosa at cellular and proteomic levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Y Jiang ◽  
Y Liu
Keyword(s):  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Proteomic Responses

Various studies have observed that increased nutrient supply promotes the growth of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, but only a limited number of studies have investigated the influence of increased nutrient supply on bloom-forming cyanobacteria at the proteomic level. We investigated the cellular and proteomic responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to elevated nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Increased supply of both nutrients significantly promoted the growth of M. aeruginosa and the synthesis of chlorophyll a, protein, and microcystins. The release of microcystins and the synthesis of polysaccharides negatively correlated with the growth of M. aeruginosa under high nutrient levels. Overexpressed proteins related to photosynthesis, and amino acid synthesis, were responsible for the stimulatory effects of increased nutrient supply in M. aeruginosa. Increased nitrogen supply directly promoted cyanobacterial growth by inducing the overexpression of the cell division regulatory protein FtsZ. NtcA, that regulates gene transcription related to both nitrogen assimilation and microcystin synthesis, was overexpressed under the high nitrogen condition, which consequently induced overexpression of 2 microcystin synthetases (McyC and McyF) and promoted microcystin synthesis. Elevated nitrogen supply induced the overexpression of proteins involved in gas vesicle organization (GvpC and GvpW), which may increase the buoyancy of M. aeruginosa. Increased phosphorus level indirectly affected growth and the synthesis of cellular substances in M. aeruginosa through the mediation of differentially expressed proteins related to carbon and phosphorus metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive description of changes in the proteome of M. aeruginosa in response to an increased supply of 2 key nutrients.

O-AcylTEMPOs, a Modified and Fundamental, but Unexplored Carboxylic Derivative: Recent Progress in Synthetic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (19) ◽  
pp. 2102-2121
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kawafuchi ◽  
Lijian Ma ◽  
Md Imran Hossain ◽  
Tsutomu Inokuchi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Knoevenagel Condensation ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Electrophilic Amination ◽  
Weinreb Amides ◽  
Anionic Species ◽  
Diastereoselective Addition ◽  
Carbonyl Function

O-Acylated 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyls (abbr. O-AcylTEMPOs) are easily available and stable carboxylic derivatives, but their utility in organic synthesis is unexplored in contrast to analogues, such as the N-methoxy-N-methylamides, known as Weinreb amides. Especially, the O–N unit of the O-acylTEMPOs dictates a fairly electronwithdrawing character for the carbonyl function. This enhances the reactivity and stability of the resulting enolate ions. Accordingly, O-acylTEMPOs allow various transformations and this review encompasses seven topics: (1) Reactivity of O-acylTEMPOs towards nucleophiles and chemoselective transformations, (2) Reactivity of anionic species derived from O-acylTEMPOs, (3) E-Selective Knoevenagel condensation of acetoacetylTEMPOs and synthesis of furans, (4) Electrocyclization of 2,4-dienones derived from acetoacetic derivatives and 2-substituted enals, (5) Diastereoselective addition of amide anion to O-(2-alkenoyl)TEMPOs and β-amino acid synthesis, (6) Thermolysis of O-acylTEMPOs, and (7) Applications for Umpolung reactions using O-benzoylTEMPOs, useful for the electrophilic amination of alkenes and alkynes.

scholarly journals Petasis vs. Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis: Convergence, Divergence and Opportunities in Organic Synthesis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1707
Author(s):  
Wayiza Masamba
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis

α-Amino acids find widespread applications in various areas of life and physical sciences. Their syntheses are carried out by a multitude of protocols, of which Petasis and Strecker reactions have emerged as the most straightforward and most widely used. Both reactions are three-component reactions using the same starting materials, except the nucleophilic species. The differences and similarities between these two important reactions are highlighted in this review.

scholarly journals Enzymatic cascade systems for D-amino acid synthesis: progress and perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwen Fan ◽  
Jiarui Li ◽  
Yangqing Yu ◽  
Danping Zhang ◽  
Yao Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cascade Systems

Reconstitution of amino acid synthesis by combining spinach chloroplasts with other leaf organelles

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1109-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Buchholz ◽  
Brigitte Reupke ◽  
Horst Bickel ◽  
Gernot Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Spinach Chloroplasts
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