Protein transport in the plant secretory pathwayThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally L. Hanton ◽  
Federica Brandizzi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

The study of the plant secretory pathway is a relatively new field, developing rapidly over the last 30 years. Many exciting discoveries have already been made in this area, but as old questions are answered new ones become apparent. Our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of the plant secretory pathway is constantly expanding, in part because of the development of new technologies, mainly in bioimaging. The increasing accessibility of these new tools in combination with more established methods provides an ideal way to increase knowledge of the secretory pathway in plants. In this review we discuss recent developments in understanding protein transport between organelles in the plant secretory pathway.

Illuminating subcellular structures and dynamics in plants: a fluorescent protein toolboxThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preetinder K. Dhanoa ◽  
Alison M. Sinclair ◽  
Robert T. Mullen ◽  
Jaideep Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Live Imaging ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Exciting Possibility ◽  
Selection Of

The discovery and development of multicoloured fluorescent proteins has led to the exciting possibility of observing a remarkable array of subcellular structures and dynamics in living cells. This minireview highlights a number of the more common fluorescent protein probes in plants and is a testimonial to the fact that the plant cell has not lagged behind during the live-imaging revolution and is ready for even more in-depth exploration.

scholarly journals Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Tumor Prevention and Treatment

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1298
Author(s):  
Jagmohan Singh ◽  
Wilbur B. Bowne ◽  
Adam E. Snook
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Tumor Prevention ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Made In

In this editorial, we highlight articles published in this Special Issue of Vaccines on “Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Tumor Prevention and Treatment”, recent developments in the field of cancer vaccines, and the potential for immunotherapeutic combinations in cancer care. This issue covers important developments and progress being made in the cancer vaccine field and possible future directions for exploring new technologies to produce optimal immune responses against cancer and expand the arena of prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines for the treatment of this deadly disease.

scholarly journals Recent advances in the electrochemical construction of heterocycles

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 2858-2873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Francke
Keyword(s):  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Heterocyclic Chemistry ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Strong Acids ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Due to the fact that the major portion of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals contains heterocyclic units and since the overall number of commercially used heterocyclic compounds is steadily growing, heterocyclic chemistry remains in the focus of the synthetic community. Enormous efforts have been made in the last decades in order to render the production of such compounds more selective and efficient. However, most of the conventional methods for the construction of heterocyclic cores still involve the use of strong acids or bases, the operation at elevated temperatures and/or the use of expensive catalysts and reagents. In this regard, electrosynthesis can provide a milder and more environmentally benign alternative. In fact, numerous examples for the electrochemical construction of heterocycles have been reported in recent years. These cases demonstrate that ring formation can be achieved efficiently under ambient conditions without the use of additional reagents. In order to account for the recent developments in this field, a selection of representative reactions is presented and discussed in this review.

NGO accountability: retrospective and prospective academic contributions

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 2353-2366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Agyemang ◽  
Brendan O’Dwyer ◽  
Jeffrey Unerman
Keyword(s):  
Review Essay ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prospective Analysis ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ngo Accountability ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer a retrospective and prospective analysis of the themes explored in the 2006 Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal special issue on non-governmental organisation (NGO) accountability. Design/methodology/approach The paper is a reflective review essay. Findings The paper outlines how a number of themes in the 2006 special issue addressing downward accountability, hierarchical accountability and management control have been subsequently developed in a selection of papers from the accounting literature. The development of these themes leads to several suggestions for future research in NGO accountability. Originality/value The paper offers a systematic, original perspective on recent developments in certain areas of the field of NGO accountability.

Masterminds or minions? Cysteine proteinases in plant programmed cell deathThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Trobacher ◽  
Adriano Senatore ◽  
John S. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Cysteine Proteinases ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Protease Expression ◽  
Signalling Cascade ◽  
Selection Of

Cysteine proteinases are ubiquitously involved in programmed cell death (PCD) in multicellular organisms. In animals, one group of cysteine proteinases, the cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteinases (caspases), are involved in a proteolytic signalling cascade that controls apoptosis, the most studied form of PCD. The enzymes act as both masterminds and executioners in apoptotic cell death. In plants, members of the metacaspase family, as well as those of the papain-like and legumain families, of cysteine proteinases have all been implicated in PCD. These enzymes often belong to sizeable gene families, with Arabidopsis having 9 metacaspase, 32 papain-like, and 4 legumain genes. This redundancy has made it difficult to ascertain the functional importance of any particular enzyme in plant PCD, as many are often expressed in a given tissue undergoing PCD. As yet, mechanisms similar to the apoptotic caspase cascade in animals have not been uncovered in plants and, indeed, may not exist. Are the various cysteine proteinases, so often implicated in plant PCD, merely acting as minions in the process? This review will outline reports of cysteine proteinases associated with plant PCD, discuss problems in determining the function of specific proteases, and suggest avenues for determining how these enzymes might be regulated and how PCD pathways upstream of protease expression and activation might operate.

Protein import into chloroplasts: an ever-evolving storyThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Protein Import ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Envelope Membranes ◽  
Inner Envelope ◽  
Selection Of

Chloroplasts are but one type of a diverse group of essential organelles that distinguish plant cells and house many critical biochemical pathways, including photosynthesis. The biogenesis of plastids is essential to plant growth and development and relies on the targeting and import of thousands of nuclear-encoded proteins from the cytoplasm. The import of the vast majority of these proteins is dependent on translocons located in the outer and inner envelope membranes of the chloroplast, termed the Toc and Tic complexes, respectively. The core components of the Toc and Tic complexes have been identified within the last 12 years; however, the precise functions of many components are still being elucidated, and new components are still being identified. In Arabidopsis thaliana (and other species), many of the components are encoded by more than one gene, and it appears that the isoforms differentially associate with structurally distinct import complexes. Furthermore, it appears that these complexes represent functionally distinct targeting pathways, and the regulation of import by these separate pathways may play a role in the differentiation and specific functions of distinct plastid types during plant growth and development. This review summarizes these recent discoveries and emphasizes the mechanisms of differential Toc complex assembly and substrate recognition.

Plant and fungal cytomechanics: quantifying and modeling cellular architectureThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Geitmann
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Cellular Architecture ◽  
Cellular Morphogenesis ◽  
Mechanical Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Biomechanical studies aim at understanding the relationship between the mechanical properties of biological structures and their function. In cytomechanical investigations, this approach is brought down to the scale of cells and subcellular structures. In plant cells and the hyphae of fungi and water molds, interactions between turgor pressure, the cell wall, and the cytoskeleton are considered of primary importance. This review is an overview of how the mechanical properties of these individual features and their interactions have been measured and how the experimental data are used to produce theoretical mechanical models of cellular architecture and dynamics. Several models are discussed, and focusing on the example of tip-growing cells, various approaches to understanding the mechanical aspects of cellular morphogenesis are analyzed.

Plastid protein delivery: coping with diversityThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-550
Author(s):  
Kenton Ko ◽  
Kelvin Chan ◽  
Katherine Karakasis ◽  
Babak Pedram
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Protein Delivery ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Plastid Protein ◽  
External Sources

Plastids play a central role in a variety of biosynthetic activities such as photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis, and oil production. Many of these activities depend on the compartment’s ability to adapt appropriately to the ever-changing environment of a plant cell. The pressure to adapt can arise from both internal and external sources. The complex nature of these adaptation activities is likely to be mirrored in the diversity of proteins being transported in a given situation. This diversity can be manifested at all molecular levels of the proteins, from different transit signal-bearing preproteins to different structural versions of the same preprotein. Unanticipated changes can also arise spontaneously upon exposing the population of translocating proteins to environmental stress, for example heat or cold. It is therefore important for plastids to maintain a responsive and efficient protein transport process to accommodate all situations, immediately or for the longer-term. By drawing on existing evidence, this review explores specific structural features or schemes for adapting the plastid protein delivery process and speculates on other adaptation possibilities for future consideration.

Regulation of phosphatidylcholine homeostasis by Sec14This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigator's Forum.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia G. Howe ◽  
Christopher R. McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Yeast Genetics ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Yeast Genetic ◽  
Phosphatidylcholine Metabolism ◽  
Selection Of

Phosphatidylcholine is the major phospholipid in eukaryotic cells and serves as both a permeability barrier as well as a modulator of a plethora of cellular and biological functions. This review touches on the importance of proper regulation of phosphatidylcholine metabolism on health, and discusses how yeast genetics has contributed to furthering our understanding of the precise molecular events regulated by alterations in phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Yeast studies have determined that the phosphatidylcholine and (or) phosphatidylinositol binding protein, Sec14, is a major regulator of phosphatidylcholine homeostasis. Sec14 itself regulates vesicular transport from the Golgi, and the interrelationship between phosphatidylcholine metabolism and membrane movement within the cell is described in detail. The recent convergence of the yeast genetic studies with that of mammalian cell biology in how cells maintain phosphatidylcholine homeostasis is highlighted.

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