Prolonged dormancy in the geophyte Allium amplectens on Vancouver Island

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 737-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan R. Hawryzki ◽  
Geraldine A. Allen ◽  
Joseph A. Antos
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Fluctuating Resources ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Prolonged Dormancy ◽  
Important Life History Trait

Prolonged dormancy occurs when a plant fails to appear above ground during the growing season. Although it may be an important life history trait of many geophytes, studies focusing on prolonged dormancy are infrequent and are concentrated on the Orchidaceae even though the phenomenon occurs in many taxonomic groups. We tracked individual plants of Allium amplectens (Amaryllidaceae) in permanent plots on Vancouver Island, which allowed us to determine rates of prolonged dormancy during a 4-year period. Dormancy rates per year averaged 38% and differed substantially among years. Over 70% of plants had a dormant period during the study. Dormancy periods of 2 years were almost as frequent as 1-year periods, and 8% of plants were dormant for 3 years. Plant density, which included small plants that we could not track in the plots, varied much more among years than did dormancy of tracked plants, suggesting that small plants may be especially prone to dormancy. High rates of prolonged dormancy and frequent multiyear dormancy indicate that this is an important life history feature of A. amplectens. We suggest that prolonged dormancy contributes to the ability of this species, and probably other species, to persist in dry habitats with fluctuating resources.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal dimensions of a reproductive life history trait in a spiny lizard radiation (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián A. Velasco ◽  
Gustavo Campillo-García ◽  
Jesús Pinto-Ledezma ◽  
Oscar Flores-Villela
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Reproductive Life History

AbstractThe ecological and evolutionary factors underlying life history trait variation is one of the most interesting topics in biology. Although many studies have evaluated either macroevolutionary or macroecological patterns of life history traits across several taxonomic groups, only few studies have attempted to integrate both dimensions in a single analytical framework. Here, we study how parity mode evolved across multiple scales in the radiation of spiny lizards (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). We adopted macroecological and macroevolutionary approaches to explore how climate across spatial and temporal scales drives the evolution of viviparity in this lizard radiation. We find support for a weak signature of current climates on the geographical distribution of oviparous and viviparous species. By contrast, we detected that evolutionary transitions from oviparity to viviparity reach a peak during the MidMiocene Climatic Optimum — a period with a profound climate change event. We suggest that this abrupt climatic cooling promoted evolutionary transitions to viviparity simultaneously across three clades in the spiny lizard radiation. The decoupling in macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns found here suggests that past climate change has played a larger role than current climates in the spatial and temporal diversification of this reproductive life history trait.

The effect of a supplementation program on the genetic and life history characteristics of an Oncorhynchus mykiss population

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1449-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Van Doornik ◽  
Barry A. Berejikian ◽  
Lance A. Campbell ◽  
Eric C. Volk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Life History ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Important Life History Trait

Conservation hatcheries, which supplement natural populations by removing adults or embryos from the natural environment and rearing and releasing parr, smolts, or adults back into their natal or ancestral streams, are increasingly being used to avoid extinction of localized populations of Pacific salmonids. We collected data before and during a steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) supplementation program to investigate the effect that the program has had on the population’s genetic diversity and effective population size and any changes to an important life history trait (residency or anadromy). We found that supplementation did not cause substantial changes in the genetic diversity or effective size of the population, most likely because a large proportion of all of the steelhead redds in the river each year were sampled to create the supplementation broodstock. Our data also showed that the captively reared fish released as adults successfully produced parr. Furthermore, we found that during supplementation, there was an increase in the proportion of O. mykiss with anadromous ancestry vs. resident ancestry.

Demography and life history of three sympatric species of Botrychium subg. Botrychium in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lesica ◽  
Kathleen Ahlenslager
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
National Park ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Rare Plants ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Waterton Lakes National Park ◽  
Disturbed Habitats ◽  
Prolonged Dormancy

We followed the fate of mapped sporophytes of Botrychium paradoxum, Botrychium hesperium, and their hybrid Botrychium × watertonense in permanent plots for 6 years in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta. All three species had half-lives of approximately 3 years or less. Botrychium paradoxum had higher rates of recruitment and mortality leading to less stable population sizes than B. hesperium, perhaps contributing to the former's relative rarity. All species demonstrated prolonged dormancy whereby plants remain below ground for 1 or more years before reappearing. Surveys and monitoring studies for these and probably other species of Botrychium are more difficult owing to prolonged dormancy. Short lifespan and association with disturbed habitats suggests that these ferns may require natural disturbance regimes for long-term persistence. Keywords: Botrychium, demography, life history, rare plants, prolonged dormancy, Waterton Lakes National Park.

scholarly journals Nutrition and Water Deprivation Negatively Impacts Adult Longevity of Lucilia eximia (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1(Special)) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Steven M. Graham ◽  
Samantha J. Sawyer ◽  
Olivia Crozier ◽  
Kylie Denton ◽  
Jeffery K. Tomberlin
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Forensic Entomology ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Mortality Proportion ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Important Life History Trait

Introduction: Forensic entomology is the utilization of arthropod science in legal practice. Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are a prevalent family in medicolegal investigations due to their colonization of vertebrates, including living or deceased humans. Longevity of insects associated with legal investigations is an important life-history trait that could be useful in determining a minimum time of colonization (TOC) interval. Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is known to colonize remains and cause myiasis; however, this species is understudied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longevity of L. eximia adults with and without resources. Methods: Lucilia eximia adults were placed in six different mesh cages at a 1:1 sex ratio, where flies in three cages were fed and provided water, while those in the remaining cages were not. Cages were placed in a walk-in incubator set to 24°C, 60% RH, and a 14:10 L:D. Mortality was recorded daily. Results:Males and females did not live significantly longer than each other within either treatment. Life span of adults provided resources was 58.41 ± 27.79 d, while deprived individuals lived 1.61 ± 0.49 d. Rate of mortality was nearly 6X greater for those deprived of food and water than those provided such resources. Conclusions: Access to food and water impacted adult longevity. Forensic entomologists could potentially estimate time since adult emergence based on mortality proportion of adults present in relation to environmental conditions and access to food in an enclosed environment (e.g., building). However, such a method will need to be validated.

Relationships between temperature and Pacific hake distribution vary across latitude and life-history stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 639 ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Malick ◽  
ME Hunsicker ◽  
MA Haltuch ◽  
SL Parker-Stetter ◽  
AM Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Merluccius Productus ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Environmental conditions can have spatially complex effects on the dynamics of marine fish stocks that change across life-history stages. Yet the potential for non-stationary environmental effects across multiple dimensions, e.g. space and ontogeny, are rarely considered. In this study, we examined the evidence for spatial and ontogenetic non-stationary temperature effects on Pacific hake Merluccius productus biomass along the west coast of North America. Specifically, we used Bayesian additive models to estimate the effects of temperature on Pacific hake biomass distribution and whether the effects change across space or life-history stage. We found latitudinal differences in the effects of temperature on mature Pacific hake distribution (i.e. age 3 and older); warmer than average subsurface temperatures were associated with higher biomass north of Vancouver Island, but lower biomass offshore of Washington and southern Vancouver Island. In contrast, immature Pacific hake distribution (i.e. age 2) was better explained by a nonlinear temperature effect; cooler than average temperatures were associated with higher biomass coastwide. Together, our results suggest that Pacific hake distribution is driven by interactions between age composition and environmental conditions and highlight the importance of accounting for varying environmental effects across multiple dimensions.

scholarly journals Mapping the adaptive landscape of a major agricultural pathogen reveals evolutionary constraints across heterogeneous environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anik Dutta ◽  
Fanny E. Hartmann ◽  
Carolina Sardinha Francisco ◽  
Bruce A. McDonald ◽  
Daniel Croll
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Adaptive Landscape ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Trade Offs

AbstractThe adaptive potential of pathogens in novel or heterogeneous environments underpins the risk of disease epidemics. Antagonistic pleiotropy or differential resource allocation among life-history traits can constrain pathogen adaptation. However, we lack understanding of how the genetic architecture of individual traits can generate trade-offs. Here, we report a large-scale study based on 145 global strains of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici from four continents. We measured 50 life-history traits, including virulence and reproduction on 12 different wheat hosts and growth responses to several abiotic stressors. To elucidate the genetic basis of adaptation, we used genome-wide association mapping coupled with genetic correlation analyses. We show that most traits are governed by polygenic architectures and are highly heritable suggesting that adaptation proceeds mainly through allele frequency shifts at many loci. We identified negative genetic correlations among traits related to host colonization and survival in stressful environments. Such genetic constraints indicate that pleiotropic effects could limit the pathogen’s ability to cause host damage. In contrast, adaptation to abiotic stress factors was likely facilitated by synergistic pleiotropy. Our study illustrates how comprehensive mapping of life-history trait architectures across diverse environments allows to predict evolutionary trajectories of pathogens confronted with environmental perturbations.

scholarly journals Long-Term Monitoring Reveals Differential Responses of Mussel and Host Fish Communities in a Biodiversity Hotspot

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Irene Sanchez Gonzalez ◽  
Garrett W. Hopper ◽  
Jamie Bucholz ◽  
Carla L. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Life History ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Differential Responses ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Term Monitoring

Biodiversity hotspots can serve as protected areas that aid in species conservation. Long-term monitoring of multiple taxonomic groups within biodiversity hotspots can offer insight into factors influencing their dynamics. Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) and fish are highly diverse and imperiled groups of organisms with contrasting life histories that should influence their response to ecological factors associated with local and global change. Here we use historical and contemporary fish and mussel survey data to assess fish and mussel community changes over a 33 year period (1986–2019) and relationships between mussel abundance and their host fish abundance in Bogue Chitto Creek, a tributary of the Alabama River and a biodiversity hotspot. Mussel abundance declined by ~80% and community composition shifted, with eight species previously recorded not found in 2019, and a single individual of the endangered Pleurobema decisum. Fish abundances increased and life history strategies in the community appeared stable and there was no apparent relationship between mussel declines and abundance of host fish. Temporal variation in the proportion of life history traits composing mussel assemblages was also indicative of the disturbances specifically affecting the mussel community. However, changes and declines in mussel assemblages in Bogue Chitto Creek cannot be firmly attributed to any specific factor or events because of gaps in historical environmental and biological data. We believe that mobility differences contributed to differential responses of fish and mussel communities to stressors including habitat degradation, recent droughts and invasive species. Overall, our work indicates that monitoring biodiversity hotspots using hydrological measurements, standardized survey methods and monitoring invasive species abundance would better identify the effects of multiple and interactive stressors that impact disparate taxonomic groups in freshwater ecosystems.

scholarly journals Natural variation in fecundity is correlated with species-wide levels of divergence in Caenorhabditis elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaotian Zhang ◽  
Jake D Mostad ◽  
Erik C Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Selective Sweeps ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Global Population

Abstract Life history traits underlie the fitness of organisms and are under strong natural selection. A new mutation that positively impacts a life history trait will likely increase in frequency and become fixed in a population (e.g. a selective sweep). The identification of the beneficial alleles that underlie selective sweeps provides insights into the mechanisms that occurred during the evolution of a species. In the global population of Caenorhabditis elegans, we previously identified selective sweeps that have drastically reduced chromosomal-scale genetic diversity in the species. Here, we measured the fecundity of 121 wild C. elegans strains, including many recently isolated divergent strains from the Hawaiian islands and found that strains with larger swept genomic regions have significantly higher fecundity than strains without evidence of the recent selective sweeps. We used genome-wide association (GWA) mapping to identify three quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying the fecundity variation. Additionally, we mapped previous fecundity data from wild C. elegans strains and C. elegans recombinant inbred advanced intercross lines that were grown in various conditions and detected eight QTL using GWA and linkage mappings. These QTL show the genetic complexity of fecundity across this species. Moreover, the haplotype structure in each GWA QTL region revealed correlations with recent selective sweeps in the C. elegans population. North American and European strains had significantly higher fecundity than most strains from Hawaii, a hypothesized origin of the C. elegans species, suggesting that beneficial alleles that caused increased fecundity could underlie the selective sweeps during the worldwide expansion of C. elegans.

Life History and Behavior of the Bramble Leafhopper, Ribautiana tenerrima (H.-S.) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Raine
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Lower Fraser Valley ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Fraser Valley

Since 1947, when the bramble leafhopper, Ribautiana tenerrima (H.-S.) (rubi Hardy, misella 13011.), was first reported in North America near Victoria, B.C., it has become a serious pest in cane fruit plantings on southern Vancouver Island and the lower Fraser Valley. Hoth nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves, producing a white stippling on the upper surfaces (Fig. 1). In a dry season a severe infestation causes many leaves to become curled and appear burned. The canes lack vigor and the size of the fruit is reduced. This is a report on a study of the life history and behavior of the species conducted at Victoria from 1953 to 1957.

A structural gradient in cerrado vegetation of Brazil: changes in woody plant density, species richness, life history and plant composition

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luci Ferreira Ribeiro ◽  
Marcelo Tabarelli
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
Structural Types

Four structural types of cerrado vegetation were examined to test the following hypotheses: (1) there are predictable changes in woody plant density, species richness and life-history strategies from one structural type to another; and (2) plant species composition in the less-rich structural types represent particular and impoverished subsets of those found in the richer ones. The study was conducted at Fazenda Palmares (5°33′S, 42°37′W) Piauí State, Brazil. A 47% decrease in woody plant density between cerradão (forest) and the least-dense type of cerrado sensu stricto (scrub) was associated with a 40% decrease in species richness. The percentage of lower-layer species was reduced by 29% in the least dense type of cerrado sensu stricto compared to cerradão. The proportion of species that flower and fruit during the rainy season was also reduced by one third. Species were not distributed as impoverished subsets along the cerradão–cerrado sensu stricto gradient. It is argued that the reduction in woody plant density and richness is partly due to factors limiting the occurrence of species with particular life-history strategies. The species composition of structural types is affected by the ‘mass effect’ and also by surrounding biotas, which provide species that colonize particular types of cerrado vegetation. Both these processes reduce the likelihood that the species composition in the poorer structural types are simple subsets of those present in the richer types.

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