THE DETERIORATION BY FUNGI OF JACK, RED, AND WHITE PINE KILLED BY FIRE IN ONTARIO

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Basham
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Outer Portion ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Slow Growing

The nature, causes, and rate of pathological deterioration of jack, red, and white pine killed by fire in the Mississagi region of Ontario in 1948 were studied to determine the practicability and probable duration of profitable salvage operations in such stands. Blue and brown sapwood stains appeared in all species 1 year after the fire, and became extensive during the succeeding 3 years. Sap rot was first noted 2 years after the fire; 5 years after the fire most of the sapwood was affected, and in some cases this rot extended into the heartwood. Three fungi, Peniophora gigantea (Fries) Massee, Polyporus anceps Peck, and Polyporus abietinus Dicks. ex Fries, were isolated consistently from white sap rots, while Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cooke and Fomes subroseus (Weir) Overh. were recovered from many of the brown sap rots. The increase in the volume of heart rot encountered during the course of the study, chiefly associated with Fomes pini (Thore) Lloyd, was much greater than that observed in living pine over a similar period, and for this reason the excess was considered as a form of deterioration. The average rate of radial penetration of visible deterioration was significantly faster in trees with widely spaced annual rings in the outer portion of the bole than in slow-growing trees. Variations in the severity of burn in individual trees or stands apparently had little effect on the rate of pathological deterioration.

STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF GROWTH RATE TO WOOD QUALITY IN POPULUS HYBRIDS

1942 ◽  
Vol 20c (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Soda Pulp ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Slow Growing

Experiments were conducted on the relation of growth rate to wood quality in a series of 43 hybrid and parental trees, which involved Populus alba, P. grandidentata, and P. tremuloides.Fibres in fast growth annual rings were longer on the average than those in slow growth rings from the same tree. In single annual rings, fibres of early wood were shorter and thicker than those of late wood.Average fibre diameter of individual trees was significantly correlated in a positive manner with growth rate, but the correlation between fibre length and growth rate was well below the level of significance.Short, thick habit of growth was significantly correlated with high density of wood, but correlations between growth rate (in terms of annual increment in volume) and wood density were insignificant.Experimental pulp and paper tests did not reveal any very striking differences in quality between fast growing hybrid and slow growing parental trees, although there remains some doubt as to the suitability of abnormally fast growth hybrid wood for some of the higher grades of soda pulp paper.The general, and tentative, conclusion is that the investigation revealed nothing to indicate that rapid growth is seriously detrimental to wood quality.

DEVELOPMENT OF A WHITE PINE UNDERPLANTATION IN THINNED AND UNTHINNED ASPEN

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Clements
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

In 1936, part of a dense 12-year-old aspen sucker stand was thinned. In the following year thinned and unthinned portions of the stand were underplanted with 2-2 white pine stock.By 1950, most seedlings were still small and slow-growing. Mortality among these individuals was high in the following 10 years but mortality was fairly light among seedlings of taller height classes. Height growth of seedlings continued to be poor so long as the crowns were below the shrub layer.White pine planted beneath young aspen stands require care at least until they are about 4 feet tall, especially on moist sites. The underbrush must be controlled, otherwise excessively high mortality and poor growth of the survivors will result.

CAMBIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REFERENCE TO CELL LENGTH AND RING WIDTH IN PINUS STROBUS L.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Individual Trees

The relationships between width of annual rings, length of wood cells, and frequency of anticlinal (multiplicative) divisions in fusiform cambial cells were studied by reference to trees of various growth patterns. The trees selected ranged from 8 to 20 in. diameter and included both open-grown specimens with branches close to the ground and forest types with tall, slender shafts. Much fluctuation was noted among individual trees, but in general there was, in the peripheral growth, an inverse relationship between length of wood cells and width of annual rings. The frequency of anticlinal divisions in the cambium remained at a more or less uniform rate in trees with rings from 1.5 to 5 mm wide, but rose sharply when ring width fell below 1.3 mm. This was in contrast to the situation observed earlier in Thuja occidentalis where the rise in frequency of anticlinal divisions was slight and occurred only in trees with rings less than 0.3 mm wide.

scholarly journals Influences of Conventional and Low-Density Thinning on the Lower Bole Taper and Volume Growth of Eastern White Pine

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Guiterman ◽  
Aaron R. Weiskittel ◽  
Robert S. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Thinning ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Density Treatment

Abstract Throughout the northeastern United States, thinning is a common management practice in stands of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), but foresters lack clear information as to whether conventional B-line or low-density thinning will best achieve their growth and financial objectives. Conventional management consists primarily of light crown thinning, whereas low-density management uses heavy crown thinning to isolate selected crop trees. To better inform silviculturists of the effects of these thinning regimes on volume growth and taper of white pine, we compared the lower bole taper—quantified as Girard form class (GFC)—and volume growth between the two thinning regimes and a nonthinned control. Over the 17-year study period, GFC increased among all treatments from an overall average of 0.77 — 0.01 (—SE) to 0.82 — 0.00. Trees under the B-line thinning regime had the most taper (lowest GFC), owing to a thinning-induced growth response at breast height but not at the top of the butt log. Low-density thinning, on the other hand, resulted in substantially larger, less tapered butt logs with significantly higher growth rates at both breast height and the top of the butt log. The volume growth of low-density trees was significantly higher than that of trees in the other treatments. At the stand level, however, the overall volume growth of the low-density treatment was significantly lower than that of the B-line treatment. Thus, this study reveals that when implementing low-density thinning, there is a tradeoff between overall stand growth and larger, less tapered individual trees.

White Pine Blister Rust Severity and Selection of Individual Whitebark Pine by the Mountain Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L. Six ◽  
Joel Adams
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Individual Trees

We investigated whether white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) (J.C. Fischer in Rabenh.) severity, tree diameter at breast height (DBH), bark and phloem thickness, and sapwood moisture content influence the preference of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) for individual trees of whitebark (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) and lodgepole pine (P. contorta Loud.). We measured these variables at 5 sites in Montana and Idaho and found a significant relationship between blister rust severity and attack of trees by D. ponderosae, with trees exhibiting greater blister rust severity being more likely to be attacked by the beetle. Sapwood moisture content was negatively correlated (P = 0.0004) with blister rust severity indicating that as severity increases there is an increasingly negative effect on water relations within the tree. Sapwood moisture content was significantly lower in P. albicaulis than in P. contorta at sites with beetle activity suggesting that there may be an interaction between blister rust severity and drought stress that, in turn, may affect beetle preference. DBH and bark and phloem thickness did not appear to influence beetle preference for individual trees. As blister rust spreads in P. albicaulis stands across the western U.S., this may translate to increasing levels of beetle-caused mortality in these areas.

Biological factors influencing stem deterioration rates and salvage planning in balsam fir killed after defoliation by spruce budworm

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Basham
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Individual Trees

Balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) trees dead between 0 and 5 years were sampled in three widely separated areas that had distinctly different population levels of the secondary, stem-attacking, balsam fir bark beetle (Pityokteinessparsus (Lec.)). The percentage of stem volume affected by sap rot increased significantly with the number of years since tree death. The wood volume lost in debarking tests, simulating pulp mill conditions, averaged 23% in trees dead 4–5 years in the two areas with the most sap rot, and in individual trees, debarking losses were significantly correlated with the extent of sap rot. Sap rot developed most quickly where stems had the most bark beetle activity, whereas where the bark beetle population was very low, sap rot development was significantly slower. These results are consistent with those of many earlier studies and observations in which a close relationship has been noted between the extent of sap rot and the intensity of bark beetle attack in stands of budworm-killed balsam fir. Evidence is presented indicating that stem deterioration rates and beetle activity frequently change with time in specific regions during any one budworm outbreak. It is postulated that inoculum levels of Polyporusabietinus (Dicks ex Fr.), the fungus responsible for the sap rot, and population levels of the balsam fir bark beetle are similarly and greatly affected by earlier occurrences of balsam fir mortality in a region. The average density of bark holes, caused by bark beetle tunneling in recently killed trees, can be used as a nondestructive and quick indicator of the average rate of development and probable extent of stem sap rot in budworm-damaged balsam fir stands. This information can be useful in assessments of the economic feasibility of proposed salvage operations.

STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: X. DECAY OF WHITE PINE IN THE TIMAGAMI LAKE AND OTTAWA VALLEY AREAS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. White
Keyword(s):  
Forest Pathology ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Consistent Relationship ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Slow Growing

The study of decay and decay relationships of white pine was undertaken to provide forest authorities in Ontario with information essential to the management of even-aged stands. Of 1012 white pine trees examined in 10 1-acre plots, located in even-aged white pine stands, 52% contained decay. A well-defined relationship existed between age and decay. The proportion of trees with decay increased gradually with age from 40% in the 60-year age class to 100% in the 220-year age class. The loss in merchantable volume increased from 4% at 60 years to 40% at 200 years. No consistent relationship between percentage of decay and diameter was found. The incidence of decay in vigorous and non-vigorous trees was about the same but the percentage of volume lost through decay was considerably higher in slow-growing, less vigorous trees. The pathological rotation, as indicated by the maximum periodic increment, was 160 to 170 years. A number of methods of estimating the volume of decay in logs are compared. Regression lines, which define the percentage of cull allowances at all ages, are presented. Thirteen wood-destroying fungi were found to be associated with the decay of living white pine in Ontario. Fomes pini (Thore) Lloyd was responsible for 90% of all loss in trunks and butts of living trees. External signs of decay were rare, except in cases of advanced white pocket rot caused by F. pini.

Age characteristics of coarse woody debris (Pinus strobus) in a lake littoral zone

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P Guyette ◽  
William G Cole
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Littoral Zone ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Minimum Diameter ◽  
The Mean

Littoral coarse woody debris (CWD) is a persistent class of aquatic habitat that accumulates over many centuries and provides habitat for diverse floral and faunal communities. We used dendrochronological methods to analyze residence times and age-related characteristics of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) CWD in the littoral zone of Swan Lake in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. The mean calendar date of all the annual rings in CWD samples was 1551. Annual rings dated from calendar year 1893 to 982. The mean time from carbon assimilation in a live tree to carbon loss from littoral woody debris was 443 years. Outside ring dates of the woody debris were significantly correlated with the bole's maximum and minimum diameter ratio, mass, specific gravity, length, and submergence. Negative exponential functions described the temporal structure of the CWD mass and abundance. Accelerated inputs of woody debris resulted from late nineteenth century logging and a disturbance circa 1500. No mature eastern white pine have fallen into the lake over the last 100 years.

An evaluation of electrical resistance as a measure of vigor in eastern white pine

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Kostka ◽  
James L. Sherald
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Class Iv

Differences in tree vigor were observed in a planting of eastern white pine, Pinusstrobus L. Trees were visually classified into four vigor classes. Electrical resistance (ER) readings of the cambial zone and growth measurements of needles, internodes, and annual rings were compared for each class. Mean ER readings were related inversely to vigor; however, only mean readings for class 1, most vigorous, and class IV, least vigorous, trees were significantly different on four reading dates. Mean growth measurements of needles, internodes, and annual rings were significantly different for all four vigor classes.

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