Crystals in the wood of the genus Abies indigenous to Canada and the United States

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Kennedy ◽  
C. B. R. Sastry ◽  
G. M. Barton ◽  
E. L. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The scanty and conflicting literature on distribution and nature of crystals in the ray parenchyma of Abies is reviewed before results are presented from this study of 318 trees. Crystals of rhomboidal and elongated forms were regularly present, in descending order of frequency, in A. concolor, A. grandis, A. magnifica, A. bracteata, and A. procera. Crystals were deposited predominantly in marginal ray parenchyma cells which died prematurely within a critical zone of sapwood. Both forms of crystals were regularly lacking in A. amabilis, A. balsamea, A. fraseri, and A. lasiocarpa, although fairly frequently elongated types were found in certain samples of the latter species. A pattern of very infrequent crystal distribution was found in association with juvenile wood in a single mature A. grandis, and in seedlings or saplings of several species.A quantitative scale of crystal frequency was developed and its application to wood species identification demonstrated. The lack of crystals in A. amabilis is offered along with other evidence to suggest a relationship between this species and those of the series Lasiocarpae Franco.Chemical characterization by thin-layer chromatography, atomic absorption, and histochemical procedures confirmed the older supposition that both forms of ray parenchyma crystals were calcium oxalate.

scholarly journals Factitious Diarrhea Induced by Stimulant Laxatives: Accuracy of Diagnosis by a Clinical Reference Laboratory Using Thin Layer Chromatography

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H Shelton ◽  
Carol A Santa Ana ◽  
Donald R Thompson ◽  
Michael Emmett ◽  
John S Fordtran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Stool Specimen ◽  
False Negative ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Zero ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract Background: Surreptitious ingestion of laxatives can lead to serious factitious diseases that are difficult to diagnose. Most cases involve ingestion of bisacodyl or senna. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of urine or stool is the only commercially available test for these laxatives. Such testing is considered highly reliable, but its accuracy in clinical practice is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the reliability of TLC laxative testing by a clinical reference laboratory in the United States. Methods: Diarrhea was induced in healthy volunteers by ingestion of bisacodyl, senna, or a control laxative (n = 11 for each laxative group). Samples of urine and diarrheal stool were sent in blinded fashion to the clinical reference laboratory for bisacodyl and senna analysis. Results: TLC testing for bisacodyl-induced diarrhea revealed a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 91% when urine was tested and sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 96%, respectively, when stool was analyzed. When diarrhea was induced by senna, the TLC assay for senna failed to identify even a single urine or stool specimen as positive (zero% sensitivity). Conclusions: Considering the expected prevalence of surreptitious laxative abuse in patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea (2.4%–25%, depending on the clinical setting), TLC of urine or stool for bisacodyl by this reference laboratory would often produce misleading results, and testing for senna would have no clinical value. The major problems are false-positive tests for bisacodyl and false-negative tests for senna.

Ray Structure Differences between Rootwood and Stemwood in a Range of Softwood Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Denne ◽  
Siân Turner
Keyword(s):  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Softwood Species

Differences between the ray structure of rootwood and stemwood were analysed in 11 species from 5 families of gymnosperms. Rootwood was consistently found to have fewer ray tracheids, with ray parenchyma cells which were taller axially, wider tangentially, but shorter radially, and had more pits per cross-field than stemwood. A scale for quantifying types of cross-field pitting is proposed, and statistically significant differences in type and diameter of cross-field pitting were found between rootwood and stemwood of most species sampled. These structural differences have practical implications for identification of gymnosperm roots, and for distinguishing between rootwood and stemwood.

Ray Structure in Root- and Stem-Wood of Larix Decidua: Implications for Root Identification and Function

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Denne ◽  
Peter Gasson
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
And Function

Differences in ray structure between root- and stem-wood of softwoods can cause confusion in identifying roots using keys based on stem-wood anatomy. Comparison of root- and stem-wood rays of Larix decidua showed root-wood had fewer ray tracheids, taller, wider but shorter ray parenchyma cells, and larger cross-field pits than stem-wood. The implications of these differences are considered in relation to the identification and function of roots.

INHIBITION OF WATER CONDUCTIVITY CAUSED BY WATERMARK DISEASE IN SALIX SACHALINENSIS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Sakamoto ◽  
Yuzou Sano
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Salix Sachalinensis ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
High Moisture Level ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Water conduction and wood anatomy of Salix sachalinensis attacked by watermark disease were investigated. The internal symptom, the watermark, appeared as a brown to brown-black stained zone in sapwood. Dye injection tests revealed that water conduction did not take place in the watermark. However, soft X-ray photography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that the watermark had a high moisture level. In the watermark, some of the vessels were plugged with tyloses and masses of bacteria, and some of the ray parenchyma cells caused necrosis. Hence, the non-conductive watermark in sapwood can be considered similar to discoloured wood or wetwood.

Rapid Screening of Pharmaceuticals by Thin-Layer Chromatography: Analysis of Essential Drugs by Visual Methods

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen S Kenyon ◽  
Paul E Flinn ◽  
Thomas P Layloff
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Essential Drugs ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract A method for rapidly screening pharmaceuticals by thin-layer chromatography has been designed for use in areas with limited resources and by operators with limited training. An apparatus for performing the analysis in a plastic bag under equilibrium conditions was designed. Results can be reproduced by different operators and in different locations. The analysis can be performed without electricity or in a remote area, away from a laboratory. It is especially suited for field use in developing countries. The method is low cost, maintenance-free, fast, and reliable; it also uses limited volumes of solvents. The analyses can be performed without weighing if reference materials can be supplied in tablet form, provided the drug content is listed and only one unit is required for each analysis. All procedures were developed for the analysis of drugs from a partial list of essential drugs established by the World Health Organization. Three drugs were selected and prepared in the form of reference tablets. Comparisons with the analyses of the drugs in standard dosage forms were made by using reference tablets and primary USP standards. Comparable results were obtained, proving that the screening process can be conducted by using reference tablets and without weighing either the sample or the reference. The method has been successfully demonstrated and used in Swaziland, by high school teachers in the United States, and by personnel from the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. Personnel can be trained in a short time to perform screening analysis of drugs.

The fine structure of the pits of Eucalyptus regnans (F. Muell.) and their relation to the movement of liquids into the wood

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Observstion in the electron microscope of carbon replicas of the pits of vessels, ray parenchyma cells, fibres, and tracheids of Eucalyptus regnans has shown the detailed structure of the pit borders and the pit closing membranes. In all cases in the mature wood the primary wall is left apparently without modification as the pit membrane. Unlike the borders of the pits of fibre tracheids and tracheids, the pit borders of the vessels are not separate; the cellulose microfibrils of a border may be common to several pits. The pit borders of fibre traoheids and tracheids are developed as separate entities and have a structure similar to the pit borders of softwood tracheids. The structure of the secondary wall layers associated with the pits is described and related to the structure of the pits. The fine structural features of the pits, especially of the pit closing membranes, are discussed in relation to the movement of liquids into wood.

Silica in Woody Stems

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield ◽  
CA Anderson ◽  
ER Segnit
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to examine silica isolated by chemical means from the wood of 32 species of woody perennial. The silica consists of aggregate grains lying free in the lumina or in ray and xylem parenchyma cells in 24 of the species. It occurs as dense silica in the other species, filling the lumina or lining the internal surfaces of vessels (and fibres) in all cases except Gynotroches axillaris where it is deposited in ray parenchyma cells. Infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction diagrams, obtained for specimens of both sorts of silica, are indistinguishable from those for amorphous silica. Aggregate grain and dense silicas are also alike in that their differential thermal analysis curves show a rather broad endothermic peak between 175° and 205°C. The results are discussed in relation to possible modes of deposition of the two sorts of silica and the tendency for silica in ray parenchyma cells to be associated with polyphenols.

Survival rate and nuclear irregularity index of sapwood ray parenchyma cells in four tree species

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Initiation Time ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Irregularity Index ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Marginal Cells

Survival rate and the newly developed nuclear irregularity index (NII) of sapwood ray parenchyma cells were studied within single trees of four species: Pinusbanksiana Lamb., Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill., and Populustremuloides Michx. The survival rate of ray parenchyma cells is defined as the number of living earlywood ray parenchyma cells in uniseriate rays, divided by the total number of dead and living ray parenchyma cells recorded, multiplied by 100. NII is defined as the ratio of the number of irregularly shaped nuclei of uniseriate ray parenchyma cells to the total number of the irregular and regular nuclei recorded in earlywood, multiplied by 100. The location where death of ray parenchyma cells was first seen in the sapwood varied with species from the second to the seventh growth ring, counted from the cambium. In general, the marginal cells in the outer sapwood died earlier in a given growth ring than the central cells. The survival rate of the sapwood ray parenchyma cells decreased curvilinearly from the outer or middle sapwood towards the boundary of sapwood and heartwood. Based on survival rate classification, Pinusbanksiana and Populustremuloides are type II species, in which some ray parenchyma cells die in the middle or inner sapwood and the number of dead cells increases from the middle sapwood towards the heartwood. Piceamariana and Abiesbalsamea are type III species, in which some ray parenchyma cells die in outer sapwood and the number of dead cells increases from the outer sapwood towards the heartwood. NII increased from the middle of the sapwood towards the sapwood–heartwood boundary and reached its maximum at the growth ring immediately adjacent to the heartwood. NII increased from May to a maximum in the middle of the growing season and then decreased sharply. The months of sharpest decline of the NII in Pinusbanksiana, Piceamariana, and Populustremuloides were August, July–August, and August–October, respectively. In Abiesbalsamea no sharp decline of NII was observed. The findings of this study are in agreement with those of other investigators who used different criteria to indicate the initiation time of heartwood formation. Thus it appears that NII can be added to the list of indicators that pinpoint the initiation time of heartwood formation.

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