Vitamin production by a fungus symbiotic with orchids

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Harvais ◽  
David Pekkala
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Nitrate Medium ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Vitamin Production

The results of earlier axenic and dual cultures of Dactylorhiza purpurella and its symbiont indicated that the fungus may provide the orchid with some, if not all, of the vitamins in yeast extract. Here, the fungus was studied for such production in axenic liquid still cultures on mineral–sugar media, using bioassays and chemical methods. The latter proved too insensitive. Bioassays were considerably more sensitive and, after various modifications of the techniques, gave consistent results. They showed that about 33 parts per billion (ppb) nicotinic acid and (or) nicotinamide ('niacin'), 1.5 ppb thiamine, but no pantothenic acid, were readily secreted in the culture medium by the fungus. These were, respectively, at about 10% and 50% of their concentrations in the medium used for axenic orchid cultures. 'Niacin' production was studied further. There was no real correlation with dry weights. Production was greatest with 1% dextrose (vs. 2%), during the active growth phase, and on a medium containing ammonium and nitrate vs. nitrate alone as nitrogen source. On that medium, greatest yield was under restricted aeration, and conversely for the nitrate medium. Ten micrograms 'niacin' per gram dry mycelium was released into the filtrate, and 14 μg, i.e. 40% more, was retained in the mycelium. Ammonium seems more important in the synthesis of 'niacin' than of amino acids. These findings may be of great significance in relation to symbiotic associations in dual cultures and in nature. They indicate that orchids would derive more benefit from active endophytic fungi than upon their digestion.

Optimisation de la croissance et de la sporulation de Conidiobolus obscurus en milieu défini

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Latgé ◽  
J. J. Sanglier
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Composite Designs

Physical and nutritional factors influencing the growth and sporulation of Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall et Dunn) Remaudière et Keller were studied using simple and fragmented factorial designs and centered composite designs. Culture conditions allowing maximum sporulation were a temperature of 20 °C, complete darkness, and a near neutral pH of around 6.5. Under our experimental conditions, dextrose influenced neither the growth nor the sporulation of C. obscurus. The cations stimulating the formation of azygospores were magnesium and to a lesser extent zinc and manganese. Sulphur must be added to the medium in a reduced or oxydized form. Phosphates must be present in the culture medium, but at a concentration less than 30 mM/L. Vitamins stimulating sporulation were thiamine, biotin, and folic acid while pantothenic acid favoured growth. Among the 20 amino acids tested, proline, leucine, methionine, glutamic and aspartic acids, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine, and arginine were the most favourable for growth and sporulation of C. obscurus. Growth and sporulation in the optimized defined medium containing 11 amino acids, four vitamins, four salts, and dextrose were comparable to the best results obtained in a nondefined medium composed of dextrose and yeast extract.

Research Regarding Content in Amino-acids and Biological Value of Proteins from Polyodon spathula Sturgeon Meat

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069
Author(s):  
Cristina Simeanu ◽  
Daniel Simeanu ◽  
Anca Popa ◽  
Alexandru Usturoi ◽  
Dan Bodescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Polyodon Spathula ◽  
The One ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Polyodon spathula sturgeon breed is successfully reared in Romania in many fishery farms for meat production and it is capitalized on domestic market as consumption fish. In the current paper were studied a number of 1400 sturgeons from Polyodon spathula breed (1200 individuals of one summer - P.s.0+ and 200 individuals of fourth summers - P.s.3+). From this flock were weighted around 10%, for each age group, and for laboratory determinations were chosen 10 fishes for each age with the corporal mass close to the group mean. After analysing the fillets gathered from the studied fishes for establishing the chemical characteristics, nutritive and biological values of proteins were drawn some interesting conclusions. So, regarding chemical composition we notice that in the meat of analysed fishes water is in a rate of 75.41% at P.s.3+ and 78.37% for P.s.0+; proteins - between 18.08% for P.s.0+ and 19.89% for P.s.3+, values which place those fishes in the group of protein fishes; lipids - between 2.45% and 3.45%, values which situated those sturgeons in category of fishes with a low content in lipids; collagen � 3.83% at P.s.0+ and 4.14% at P.s.3+ which indicate low values for proteins of weak quality in the meat of those sturgeons. Study of nutritive value for the analysed fishes indicate the fact that fishes P.s.0+ have a mediocre nutritive value, having the ratio w/p of 4.33 while sturgeons P.s.3+ were placed in the 2nd category � fishes with a good nutritive value (rate w/p = 3.79). Energetic value of the studied fillets was 97.39 kcal/100 g for P.s.0+ and 114.31 kcal/100 g for P.s.3+, which enlightened an increase of nutritive value with aging, fact especially due to accumulation of adipose tissue. Study of proteins quality, through the presence of those 8 essential amino-acids in the meat of analysed fishes, show the fact that at sturgeons P.s.0+ proportion of essential amino-acids was 20.88% from total amino-acids, while at sturgeons P.s.3+ was 26.23%, fact which enlightened an increasing of proteins� biological value with fish aging. This fact was also shown by calculation of proteins� biological value through chemical methods (EAA index); calculated value for sturgeons P.s.0+ was a little bit lower (118.73) than the one calculated for sturgeons P.s.3+ (118.79).

scholarly journals The principle of formaldehyde, alcohol, and acetone titrations. With a discussion of the proof and implication of the zwitterion conception

1934 ◽  
Vol 115 (792) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Empirical Argument ◽  
Chemical Evidence

Consideration of the implications of the zwitterion hypothesis of Bjerrum (1923) makes it desirable to state afresh the principles underlying the methods commonly employed in the titration of amino-acids. Deductions of considerable theoretical importance, cf., e. g ., Calvery (1933) are still being made on the supposition that the alkalimetric formaldehyde titration method of Sørensen (1907) and the corresponding alcohol method of Foreman (1920) and of Willstätter and Waldschmidt-Leitz (1921) estimate the carboxyl groups of amino-acids whilst the acidimetric acetone titration of Linderstrøm-Lang (1928) estimates the amino-groups. Yet the zwitterion hypothesis indicates that this assumption is the reverse of the truth. Discussion is greatly facilitated by collective consideration of recent physico-chemical evidence clarifying the principles upon which these common bio-chemical methods rest. In a recent discussion of two of the titrimetric methods (Van Slyke and Kirk, 1933) the existence of this evidence is ignored, so that it becomes necessary to systematize and elaborate the empirical argument of these authors in the light of the relevant investigations of Grünhut (1919), Cray and Westrip (1925), Michaelis and Mizutani (1925), Birch and Harris (1930, b ), and Levy (1933). At the same time new and useful developments are indicated.

Mise en évidence d'une activité uréasique chez Streptococcus thermophilus

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 818-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Juillard ◽  
M. J. Desmazeaud ◽  
H. E. Spinnler
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Stationary Growth ◽  
Optimal Ph

In Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ 404, the presence of urease activity was demonstrated by means of a specific colorimetric method for ammonium ions. The main physicochemical properties of the enzyme were determined. The Km with urea as substrate was 1.19 mM and the optimal pH was approximately 7.5. Because both thermolability and enzyme activity increased as the temperature was increased to 70 °C, the optimal temperature could not be determined with precision. Urease activity was maximal at the beginning of the stationary growth phase; it was stimulated by the presence of urea and of certain amino acids such as arginine and glutamic acid in the culture medium. This activity has been detected in several other strains of Streptococcus thermophilus. [Translated by the journal]

scholarly journals A carnivore embryo's perspective on essential amino acids and ammonium in culture medium: effects on the development of feline embryos†

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1070-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R Herrick ◽  
Sarah M Lyons ◽  
Alison F Greene-Ermisch ◽  
Corey D Broeckling ◽  
William B Schoolcraft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Medium Effects

P–283 Combination between amino acids profile of the spent culture media and morphokinetics parameters of human embryos to determine its viability

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Adel ◽  
M Kadah ◽  
S Abdulghafar ◽  
M Elmahdy ◽  
D Ghareeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Group A ◽  
Amino Acids Profile ◽  
Group D

Abstract Study question How to determine human embryo viability noninvasively before embryo transfer? Summary answer We propose that the combination of the amino acid profile of an individual embryo with its morphokinetics will provide noninvasive tool to determine its viability. What is known already It was already known that human embryos at early cleavage require non-essential amino acids, while at the 8-cell to blastocyst stages, a mixture of non-essential and essential amino acids. Amino acids have important roles during embryo development. Acting as biosynthetic precursors,buffers of intracellular pH in the embryo, antioxidants, energy sources and regulators of metabolic function and signaling pathways. Many studies have used time-lapse to analyze human embryonic development including the process of fertilization and assessment of early events and introducednoninvasive prognostic markers which predict embryo development and correlate it to IVF treatment outcomes. Study design, size, duration This study was a prospective cohort study approved by the Clinical Trial Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University according to ethical standards of scientific research (Serial number: 0303721).Thirty females aged 30.13 ± 4.83 years undergoing ICSI cycle in the Madina Fertility Center, during the period of March 2018 to November 2019.202 MII oocytes were incubated individually in embryoscope. Participants/materials, setting, methods Embryos (n = 161) were divided on Day 5 into two groups –developed embryos “Group D” (embryos that developed to blastocyst) and arrested embryos “Group A” (embryos remain at cleavage stage and fail to develop to blastocys).Developed embryos (Group D) included 99 embryos, and Arrested embryos (Group A) included 62 embryos. For each group, morphokinetic developmental points using embryoscope and the different amino acids concentrations in spent culture medium were analyzed using LC- mass spectro etry. Main results and the role of chance On one hand, the first appearance of pronuclei (TPNa), t2, t4 and CC2 in group D occurred significantly earlier than those of Group A.Analysis of 19 essential and non-essential amino acids in spent culture medium of each embryo in the two studied groups D and A showed a significantly higher concentration of two essential amino acids L-Valine (145.73 ± 150.96) and L-Phenylalanine (61.59 ± 55.78) in Group D than their concentration in Group A ( 104.58 ± 33.58, 44.24 ± 14.61, respectively , p ≤ 0.05).and significantly lower concentration of three non-essential amino acids L-Tyrosine (62.56 ± 41.03) , L-Cysteine (19.48 ± 11.90), and L-Alanine (136.0 ± 389.83) observed in Group D when compared to Group A (69.57 ± 20.78, 22.37 ± 8.59,145.33 ± 165.22, respectively, Limitations, reasons for caution It is important to note, that results were developed on a data set from one clinic with different stimulation protocols, a multicenter data and a correlation with the stimulation protocol used should be involved in future studies, in addition a larger sample size to avoid high standard deviation is recommended Wider implications of the findings: We can conclude that amino acid turnover is independent of the traditional morphological assessment of embryos and it may reflect its viability. The prospective combined use of amino acids profile of individual embryo and its morphokinetic parameters may contribute to introduce a new noninvasivs tool that may improve implantation rate Trial registration number 0303721

Selective Chemical Deuteration of Aromatic Amino Acids: A Retrospective

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Matthews ◽  
R. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Target Protein ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Lactose Repressor ◽  
Selective Deuteration

In 1970 when we began post-doctoral work in the laboratory of Professor Oleg Jardetzky, selective deuteration of proteins to limit the number of protons present in the system for subsequent analysis was a newly developed and effective technique for NMR exploration of protein structure (Crespi et al., 1968; Markley et al., 1968). This approach allowed more facile assignment of specific resonances and generated the potential to follow the spectroscopic behavior of protons for a specific amino acid sidechain over a broad range of conditions. The primary method for labeling at that time involved growth of microorganisms (generally bacteria or algae) in D2O, followed by isolation of the deuteratedamino acids from a cellular protein hydrolysate. The amino acids isolated were, therefore, completely deuterated. Selective deuteration of a target protein was achieved by growing the producing organism on a mixture of completely deuterated and selected protonated amino acids under conditions that minimized metabolic interconversion of the amino acids. In one-dimensional spectra, aromatic amino acid resonances occur well downfield of the aliphatic resonances, and this region can therefore be examined somewhat independently by utilizing a single protonated aromatic amino acid to simplify the spectrum of the protein. However, the multiple spectral lines generated by aromatic amino acids can be complex and overlapping, precluding unequivocal interpretation. To address this complication, chemical methods were developed to both completely and selectively deuterate side chains of the aromatic amino acids, thereby avoiding the costly necessity of growing large volumes of microorganisms in D2O and subsequent tedious isolation procedures. In addition, selective deuteration of the amino acids simplified the resonance patterns and thereby facilitated assignment and interpretation of spectra. The methods employed were based on exchange phenomena reported in the literature and generated large quantities of material for use in growth of microorganisms for subsequent isolation of selectively labeled protein (Matthews et al., 1977a). The target protein for incorporation of the selectively deuterated aromatic amino acids generated by these chemical methods was the lactose repressor protein from Escherichia coli, and greatly simplified spectra of this 150,000 D protein were produced by this approach.

scholarly journals Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Keratinase Production in Culture Medium Containing Feathers by Bacillus sp. UPM-AAG1

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aa’ishah Abdul Gafar ◽  
Mohd Ezuan Khayat ◽  
Siti Aqlima Ahmad ◽  
Nur Adeela Yasid ◽  
Mohd Yunus Shukor
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Proteolytic Enzyme ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
Feather Waste ◽  
Central Composite

Keratinase is a type of proteolytic enzyme with broad application in industry. The main objective of this work is the optimization of keratinase production from Bacillus sp. strain UPM-AAG1 using Plackett-Burman (PB) and central composite design (CCD) for parameters, such as pH, temperature, feather concentration, and inoculum size. The optimum points for temperature, pH, and inoculum and feather concentrations were 31.66 °C, 6.87, 5.01 (w/v), and 4.53 (w/v), respectively, with an optimum keratinase activity of 60.55 U/mL. The keratinase activity was further numerically optimized for commercial application. The best numerical solution recommended a pH of 5.84, temperature of 25 °C, inoculums’ size of 5.0 (v/v), feather concentration of 4.97 (w/v). Optimization resulted an activity of 56.218 U/mL with the desirability value of 0.968. Amino acid analysis profile revealed the presence of essential and non-essential amino acids. These properties make Bacillus sp. UPM-AAG1 a potential bacterium to be used locally for the production of keratinase from feather waste.

scholarly journals Arthroderma tuberculatum and Arthroderma multifidum Isolated from Soils in Rook (Corvus frugilegus) Colonies as Producers of Keratinolytic Enzymes and Mineral Forms of N and S

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9162
Author(s):  
Justyna Bohacz ◽  
Michał Możejko ◽  
Ignacy Kitowski
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Corvus Frugilegus ◽  
Keratinolytic Fungi ◽  
Sulfate Release ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

Keratinolytic fungi representing the genus Arthroderma that were isolated from the soils of a rook (Corvus frugilegus) colony were used as biological agents for the disposal of waste feathers. The aim of this study was to assess the abilities of Arthroderma tuberculatum and Arthroderma multifidum fungi with a varied inflow of keratin matter to biodegrade waste feathers. The evaluation was based on the determination of feather mass loss, the activity of keratinolytic enzymes, and the content of mineral N and S forms. It was found that the activity of protease released by the fungi contributed to an increase in the level of soluble proteins and peptides and the concentration of ammonium ions, as well as alkalization of the culture medium. Keratinase activity was significantly correlated with sulfate release, especially in A. tuberculatum cultures. The strains of A. tuberculatum fungi isolated from the soil with the highest supply of organic matter, i.e., strains III, IV, and V, had the lowest enzymatic activity, compared to the A. multifidum strains, but they released mineral nitrogen and sulfur forms that are highly important for fertilization, as well as nutritionally important peptides and amino acids. A. tuberculatum strains can be used for the management of waste feathers that can be applied in agricultural practice.

Amino acid metabolism of bovine blastocysts derived from parthenogenetically activated or in vitro fertilized oocytes

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. G. Jung ◽  
T. Sakata ◽  
E. S. Lee ◽  
Y. Fukui
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Oviduct Fluid

The uptake and synthesis of 19 amino acids by fresh or frozen–thawed bovine blastocysts produced by parthenogenesis (PT) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) were compared in the present study. Fresh blastocysts, 180 h after IVF or PT activation, and frozen–thawed blastocysts, 168 h old and cultured for 12 h post-thawing, were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOFM) containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with both essential and non-essential amino acids (EAA and NEAA, respectively) (Medium 1: M1) or SOFM containing PVA with only EAA (Medium 2: M2). In Experiment 1, when fresh or frozen–thawed PT blastocysts were cultured in M1, the uptake of glutamate (in fresh only), aspartate and arginine, and the synthesis of glutamine and alanine were significantly enhanced. In the culture with M2, serine, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, arginine and alanine were significantly taken up. It was found that the glutamine concentrations was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the culture medium drops containing embryos than in the drops without embryos. In Experiment 2, when PT blastocysts were cultured in M1, the uptake of aspartate and synthesis of alanine were greater (P < 0.01) than those by IVF blastocysts. When M2 was used, a significant (P < 0.01) production of serine, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine and alanine, and the uptake of arginine by PT blastocysts were observed. In Experiment 3, when IVF blastocysts were cultured in M1, fresh blastocysts depleted more aspartate and glutamate, and produced more glutamine and alanine than frozen–thawed blastocysts. When cultured in M2, frozen–thawed blastocysts depleted more threonine (P < 0.01) than fresh blastocysts. These results indicate that the uptake and synthesis of amino acids were different in fresh or frozen–thawed bovine blastocysts derived from PT or IVF. These differences in amino acid metabolism may be related to the viability of the blastocysts.

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