The Importance of Glycerophospholipid Production to the Mutualist Symbiosis of Trypanosomatids

The symbiosis in trypanosomatids is a mutualistic relationship characterized by extensive metabolic exchanges between the bacterium and the protozoan. The symbiotic bacterium can complete host essential metabolic pathways, such as those for heme, amino acid, and vitamin production. Experimental assays indicate that the symbiont acquires phospholipids from the host trypanosomatid, especially phosphatidylcholine, which is often present in bacteria that have a close association with eukaryotic cells. In this work, an in-silico study was performed to find genes involved in the glycerophospholipid (GPL) production of Symbiont Harboring Trypanosomatids (SHTs) and their respective bacteria, also extending the search for trypanosomatids that naturally do not have symbionts. Results showed that most genes for GPL synthesis are only present in the SHT. The bacterium has an exclusive sequence related to phosphatidylglycerol production and contains genes for phosphatidic acid production, which may enhance SHT phosphatidic acid production. Phylogenetic data did not indicate gene transfers from the bacterium to the SHT nucleus, proposing that enzymes participating in GPL route have eukaryotic characteristics. Taken together, our data indicate that, differently from other metabolic pathways described so far, the symbiont contributes little to the production of GPLs and acquires most of these molecules from the SHT.

The Emerging Scenario of the Gut–Brain Axis: The Therapeutic Actions of the New Actor Kefir against Neurodegenerative Diseases

The fact that millions of people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD), the two most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), has been a permanent challenge to science. New tools were developed over the past two decades and were immediately incorporated into routines in many laboratories, but the most valuable scientific contribution was the “waking up” of the gut microbiota. Disturbances in the gut microbiota, such as an imbalance in the beneficial/pathogenic effects and a decrease in diversity, can result in the passage of undesired chemicals and cells to the systemic circulation. Recently, the potential effect of probiotics on restoring/preserving the microbiota was also evaluated regarding important metabolite and vitamin production, pathogen exclusion, immune system maturation, and intestinal mucosal barrier integrity. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to discuss the available data and conclude what has been accomplished over the past two decades. This perspective fosters program development of the next steps that are necessary to obtain confirmation through clinical trials on the magnitude of the effects of kefir in large samples.

Prospects for the use of a multi-tier narrow-stack installation in the selection of European radish

Relevance. Growing European radishes in protected soil on hydroponics provides year-round fresh vitamin production. For the autumn-winter turnover shade-tolerant varieties with a short growing season are necessary. For the spring-summer turnover, the resistance of the variety to high temperatures and premature stem formation is of particular importance. Selection of targeted radish varieties is an energy-consuming process, which can be optimized by using an open-type multi-tier narrow-stack hydroponics installation with a different combination of limiting factors for tiers (light, heat).Methods and results. In Federal Scientific Vegetable Center radish varieties were tested in different conditions. The informativeness of the tiers on the installation as backgrounds for selection for adaptability and specificity is determined. It was found that the assessment and selection of productivity and large-fruited is effectively carried out on 1-2 tiers; for resistance to premature stem formation – on 1 tier; for shade tolerance, early ripening, with a stable manifestation of the marketable mass of the root crop – on 4-5 tiers. Radish varieties were selected as the starting material for the suitability for hydroponic cultivation of intensive type and highly adaptive. The uniqueness of the use of a multi-level narrow column hydroponics for the purpose of radish breeding is shown.

Penerapan Disk Mill Pada UMKM Anugerah Produksi Vitamin Unggas di Desa Sekarmojo Kecamatan Purwosari

Poultry vitamins are one of the nutrients needed by breeders. This poultry vitamin serves to accelerate the growth of poultry, maintain the quality of poultry meat, improve the quality of poultry eggs, prolong poultry egg production and accelerate poultry egg production. One of the partners who was worked together with the ITN Malang team is engaged in the field of poultry vitamins production and wants to increase the turnover of poultry vitamin production. All the time, the price of poultry vitamins from factories is considered high enough so that farmers have objections to buying poultry vitamins from the factory. The community service team observed at the quality of poultry vitamins which are produced in the Purwosari area and will transfer technology to apply a disk mill in the production process which will be able to increase the production of poultry vitamins in good prices but with high quality also. In addition, the community service team will improve the packaging by used aluminum foil to avoid moisture and later will be given a logo to facilitate the sales process to breeders. After improved the packaging, it has expected can be freely marketing with the general standardization of poultry vitamins. So that farmers can get cheap and good quality poultry vitamins. From the results of the activities carried out, it was found that a disk mill machine with a capacity of 150 kg / hour. It if the production of 500 kg takes 3 hours with one workers person. So that the partners can save time and production costs. So that the profits obtained now increase 25% from previous profits. Meanwhile the packaging used by the team partners now used aluminum foil so that the product looks more attractive and is able to hold the product dry.

Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation

Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. Accumulating studies emphasize the relationship between the gut microbiota and host immune function. While largely unknown, these interactions are mediated by secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types. Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. All immunomodulatory herbs displayed substantial prebiotic potential, targeting unique taxonomic groups. Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease.

The human gut chemical landscape predicts microbe-mediated biotransformation of foods and drugs

Microbes are nature’s chemists, capable of producing and metabolizing a diverse array of compounds. In the human gut, microbial biochemistry can be beneficial, for example vitamin production and complex carbohydrate breakdown; or detrimental, such as the reactivation of an inactive drug metabolite leading to patient toxicity. Identifying clinically relevant microbiome metabolism requires linking microbial biochemistry and ecology with patient outcomes. Here we present MicrobeFDT, a resource which clusters chemically similar drug and food compounds and links these compounds to microbial enzymes and known toxicities. We demonstrate that compound structural similarity can serve as a proxy for toxicity, enzyme sharing, and coarse-grained functional similarity. MicrobeFDT allows users to flexibly interrogate microbial metabolism, compounds of interest, and toxicity profiles to generate novel hypotheses of microbe-diet-drug-phenotype interactions that influence patient outcomes. We validate one such hypothesis experimentally, using MicrobeFDT to reveal unrecognized gut microbiome metabolism of the ovarian cancer drug altretamine.

Multiple sclerosis and faecal microbiome transplantation: are you going to eat that?

Gut microbiome interaction goes beyond commensal function as vitamin production or support nutrients digestion. It also interplays with the host immune system and may be related to the development of immune-mediated diseases. Multiple sclerosis patients have dysbiosis compared to healthy individuals. But how this relates to disease development and severity is still uncertain. Dietary change including probiotic mixtures or ketogenic regimen has proven to change microbiome in multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects to one similar to healthy controls. However, proof of clinical benefits is lacking. We dissert on current knowledge about immune system and gut bacteria interactions. We discuss faecal microbial transplantation as a potential intervention to ameliorate gut dysbiosis in MS as well as the caveats of a clinical trial design.