The effects of variation in ambient temperature alone and in combination with ε-amino-n-caproic acid on development of embryos from wheat–rye crosses (T. turgidum var. durum cv. Jori × S. cereale)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (17) ◽  
pp. 2335-2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Taira ◽  
E. N. Larter
Keyword(s):  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Hybrid Embryo ◽  
Secale Cereale L

A study was made on the effect of various temperature regimes on the in vivo development of hybrid embryos from crosses between tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum cv. Jori) and an inbred rye (Secale cereale L.). A day–night temperature of 17–17 °C was found to be optimum for development of embryos as classified on the basis of their morphological features and their level of totipotency in vitro. The application of ε-amino-n-caproic acid (EACA) to the female parent (tetraploid wheat) daily for a 10-day period during embryogenesis significantly improved embryo development but not independently of temperature regime. Both temperature and EACA effects were manifested by increased growth and differentiation of the hybrid embryo; endosperm development was unaffected by treatment.

Effects of ε-amino-n-caproic acid and L-lysine on the development of hybrid embryos of triticale (× Triticosecale)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (17) ◽  
pp. 2330-2334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Taira ◽  
E. N. Larter
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Physiological Barrier ◽  
Hybrid Embryo ◽  
Wheat Parent

The injection of either ε-amino-n-caproic acid (EACA) or L-lysine–HCl into the tetraploid wheat parent (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum cv. Jori) as early as 1 day after pollination with rye (Secale sp.) significantly enhanced the development of hybrid embryos in vivo. The success with which the embryos could be artificially cultured was improved accordingly. One millilitre of either compound applied at 1.0 mg/ml concentration resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of normal-appearing embryos. It is concluded that the application of EACA or its analogue L-lysine could be used in a hybridization program involving certain strains of wheat and rye to partially overcome the physiological barrier to hybrid embryo development.

Influence of parental rye on the development of embryos and endosperm of wheat–rye hybrids

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Taira ◽  
T. Lelley ◽  
E. N. Larter
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Normal Embryo ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Meiotic Stability

Seven lines of rye (Secale cereale L.), six inbred (S9) and one open-pollinated, were used as pollen parents in crosses with two tetraploid wheat strains (Triticum turgidum var. durum cvs. 'Jori' and 'Langdon'). The rye lines were of diverse genetic background and exhibited significant differences in meiotic stability as measured by frequencies of chiasmata and univalent formation. The rate and extent of development of the embryo and endosperm tissue of hybrid ovules were not influenced by the level of meiotic stability of the rye parent, but rather by a genetic interaction between a specific rye genotype and wheat. This was indicated by the significant differences obtained in the frequency of normal embryo formation when different rye lines were used as parents in crosses to a common wheat cultivar. The specific effect of the wheat genotype on the mean seedset was shown by the significant differences obtained when different wheat cultivars were crossed with a given set of rye genotypes under the same environmental conditions. The prevailing ambient temperature significantly affected hybrid embryo and endosperm development in vivo.

Accumulation of Macromolecular Particles in the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) Mediated by Platelet Aggregation and Disaggregation

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 496-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.G van Aken ◽  
J Vreeken
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Carbon Clearance ◽  
Aggregation And Disaggregation ◽  
Platelet Aggregates

SummaryCarbon particles cause platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Prior studies established that substances which modify thrombocyte aggregation also influence the rate at which carbon is cleared from the blood.This study was performed in order to elucidate the mechanism by which the carbon-platelet aggregates specifically accumulate in the RES.Activation of fibrinolysis by urokinase or streptokinase reduced the carbon clearance rate, probably due to generated fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Isolated FDP decreased the carbon clearance and caused disaggregation of platelets and particles in vitro. Inhibition of fibrinolysis by epsilon-amino-caproic acid (EACA), initially accelerated the disappearance of carbon and caused particle accumulation outside the RES, predominantly in the lungs. It is supposed that platelet aggregation and locally activated fibrinolysis act together in the clearance of particles. In the normal situation the RES with its well known low fibrinolytic activity, becomes the receptor of the particles.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH OF FROKER OATS FOR FORAGE. II. CONCENTRATIONS AND YIELDS OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
DALE SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

Froker oats (Avena sativa L.) was grown from seed to initial panicle emergence in three day/night temperature regimes: hot (H) 32/26 C, warm (W) 27/21 C, and cool (C) 21/15 C. At initial panicle emergence, some plants were transferred to the other regimes to provide nine temperature treatments until harvest at complete panicle emergence. High herbage concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) generally resulted when C temperatures prevailed after initial panicle emergence, whereas high crude protein (CP) and elemental concentrations generally resulted when H temperatures prevailed after initial panicle emergence. In general, yields (g/pot) of DM, IVDDM, TNC, CP, fat, and ash were influenced more by temperature before than after initial panicle emergence. However, yields of DM, IVDDM, and TNC were reduced markedly by the change from C to W and from C to H, and were increased by the change from H to C.

LEAF CO2 EXCHANGE RATES IN WINTER RYE GROWN AT COLD-HARDENING AND NONHARDENING TEMPERATURES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. A. HUNER ◽  
W. MIGUS ◽  
M. TOLLENAAR
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Photosynthetic Acclimation ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Stimulation Of

CO2 gas exchange measurements were performed on cold-hardened and unhardened Puma rye (Secale cereale L.) leaves at 10 and 20 °C in the presence of 2 and 21% O2 and as a function of irradiance and CO2 concentration. A decrease in O2 concentration from 21 to 2% appeared to result in a differential stimulation of photosynthetic rates in cold-hardened and unhardened rye leaves. Under light saturating conditions the former exhibited photosynthetic rates that tended to be 1.4- to 1.5-fold higher in the presence of 2% O2 than 21% O2 when measured at either 10 or 20 °C. In contrast, unhardened rye leaves exhibited photosynthetic rates that tended to be about 1.3-fold higher in the presence of 2% O2 than 21% O2 when measured at 10 °C but about 1.8-fold higher when measured at 20 °C. Similarly, at high CO2 concentrations, leaves of unhardened plants exhibited a greater temperature-dependent stimulation of photosynthetic rates by low O2 than leaves of hardened plants. An increased capacity for CO2 utilization in cold-hardened rye could be observed when photosynthetic rates were monitored at 2% O2. Differences in transpiration rates were insufficient to account for these results. The increased capacity for CO2 utilization observed in vivo is discussed with respect to a recent report which described an increased capacity for photosynthetic electron transport in vitro in cold-hardened rye thylakoid membranes. However, photosynthetic acclimation to the contrasting growth temperatures could only be observed when CO2 exchange was measured at 2% O2. We conclude that photosynthetic acclimation in vivo may be severely limited due to the restrictions imposed by photorespiration.Key words: Cold-hardening, winter rye, CO2 exchange, photosynthesis

An ultrastructural study of embryo and endosperm development during in vitro culture of maize ovaries (Zea mays)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2227-2238 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. N. Schel ◽  
H. Kieft
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Endosperm Formation ◽  
Development In Vitro ◽  
Maize Embryos

A culture method is described which allows the continuous supply of fresh liquid medium and which prevents the accumulation of toxic metabolites. Development of maize embryos and endosperm after various periods of in vitro ovary culture was studied by light and electron microscopy. Using this method the ultrastructural features of embryo development in vitro were similar to those of in vivo embryos. In contrast, the formation of endosperm was irregular with the absence of cellularization of the inner endosperm being frequent. In some cases, only the endosperm developed without any indication of embryo formation. In a calcium-depleted medium, embryo development was normal but again, endosperm formation was aberrant. No cells were formed in the central part of the endosperm and near the placental region degeneration took place, resulting in vacuoles with dark inclusions, clumps of rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and cellular breakdown. The events occurring after in vitro culture strongly resemble those taking place after intergeneric crosses or crosses between diploid and tetraploid strains. It is concluded that defective endosperm development is probably the main factor for the failure of embryo development.

Design and Evaluation of Folate-Appended α-, β-, and γ-Cyclodextrins Having a Caproic Acid as a Tumor Selective Antitumor Drug Carrier in Vitro and in Vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 4420-4428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaka Okamatsu ◽  
Keiichi Motoyama ◽  
Risako Onodera ◽  
Taishi Higashi ◽  
Takahiro Koshigoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Antitumor Drug ◽  
Tumor Selective

scholarly journals The regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in rye (Secale cereale) roots. Stimulation of the nucleotide pathway by low temperature

1987 ◽  
Vol 242 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Kinney ◽  
D T Clarkson ◽  
B C Loughman
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Choline Phosphate ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Rate Limiting

The incorporation of [14C]choline chloride and [14C]glycerol into segments taken from rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Rheidal) roots was greater in segments from roots grown at 5 degrees C than in segments taken from roots growing at 20 degrees C. The incorporation was measured at the temperature at which the root had been growing. Measurements in vitro of the enzymes of the nucleotide pathway showed activity of choline kinase (EC 2.7.1.32), choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.15) and cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) to be higher in homogenates from the cooler roots when assayed at 5 degrees C than the activities assayed at 20 degrees C in the 20 degrees C-root homogenates. Changes in vivo in the pool sizes of the CDP-base intermediates with temperature, relative differences in nucleotide-pathway-enzyme activities and a pulse-chase experiment with [14C]choline indicated that the rate-limiting step for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in this tissue, at both temperatures, was the reaction catalysed by cytidylyltransferase.

scholarly journals Reduced Container Volume Increases Tomato Pollen Fertility at Low Ambient Temperatures

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Domínguez ◽  
Jesús Cuartero ◽  
Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Cold Sensitive

Using soil bed cultivations as controls and under two temperature regimes (maximum/minimum ≈20/4 °C and 25/10 °C), effects of container volume (16-, 10-, and 3-L pots) on in vitro germination, in vivo tube growth, acetocarmine staining, and quantity of pollen of tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Moneymaker', L. pennellii (Corr.) D'Arcy accession PE-45, and of the corresponding F1 hybrid] were studied. Under the 20/4 °C regime, in comparison with soil-bed cultivated control plants, the cold sensitive cultivar, Moneymaker, grown in the two smaller pots showed significant increases of in vitro pollen germination, acetocarmine staining, and number of pollen grains produced per flower. Similar results were observed with the F1 except for the number of pollen grains which were not significantly different. Pollen of accession PE-45 was unaffected by cold and no container effect was detected. Results of in vivo pollen tube growth in `Moneymaker' at the 20/4 °C regime showed that fruit set was only possible in 3-L pots. Reduction of the negative effects of cold on pollen from plants grown in the 3-L pots may be explained in part by the daytime rise of root-zone temperatures that did not occur in the 10- or 16-L pots or in the soil bed. Therefore, fruit production of tomato plants grown under low temperatures in small pots may not be a valid predictor of commercial winter fruit production of plants cultivated in soil beds.

scholarly journals Pollen Quality and Performance in Strawberry Plants Exposed to High-temperature Stress

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Ledesma ◽  
Nobuo Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Unfertilized Ovules

The effects of high-temperature stress on pollen viability and in vitro and in vivo germinability were studied in two facultative, short-day strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.), `Nyoho' and `Toyonoka.' Plants were exposed to two day/night temperature regimes of either 23 °C/18 °C (control) or 30 °C/25 °C (high temperature) from when the first inflorescence became visible until anthesis. Pollen viability in `Nyoho' was only slightly affected at 30 °C/25 °C when compared with pollen from plants grown at 23 °C/18 °C. In `Toyonoka', however, pollen viability was significantly lower at 30 °C/25 °C than at 23 °C/18 °C. The in vitro germination percentages were significantly lower in pollen from plants grown at 30 °C/25 °C and germinated at 30 °C than from plants grown at 23 °C/18 °C and germinated at 23 °C in both cultivars. But the percentages were much lower in `Toyonoka' than in `Nyoho', particularly at the 30 °C germination temperature. Pollen from plants grown at 23 °C/18 °C also extended longer pollen tubes than pollen grown at 30 °C/25 °C in both cultivars, but `Nyoho' had longer pollen tubes than `Toyonoka' at 30 °C/25 °C. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that most of the `Nyoho' pollen germinated on the stamen, elongated through the style and reached the ovule regardless of temperature treatment. In `Toyonoka', pollen germination and elongation were greatly inhibited at 30 °C/25 °C, resulting in unfertilized ovules. These results suggest that certain strawberry cultivars produce heat-tolerant pollen, which in turn could result in higher fruit set.

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