Studies in Gentianaceae. Microsporangium and pollen

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sankara Rao ◽  
C. C. Chinnappa
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject

The development and structure of the microsporangium and pollen in 22 taxa from the Gentianaceae have been studied and literature on the subject reviewed. Formation of the microsporangial wall follows the dicotyledonous sequence. In Exacum and Cotylanthera, the anthers dehisce by pores, and the endothecium is nonfibrous. The other genera have longitudinal anther dehiscence, and the endothecium is fibrous. Although a single middle layer is usual in the family, Exacum, Cotylanthera, Voyria and Swertia carolinensis show one to four middle layers. The tapetum is derived partly from the primary parietal layer and partly from the ground tissue on the connective side. A tapetum of sporogenous origin occurs in some Gentianinae and Erythraeinae where partitions of tapetal tissue (sterile trabeculae) subdivide the microsporangium. Ubisch granules are present in Exacum. Cytokinesis in the microsporocytes is simultaneous. Microspore tetrads are tetrahedral, isobilateral, or decussate. Pollen grains are two or three celled at the time of anther dehiscence. They occur as single grains or are held in tetrads or polyads. Single grains are tri-, tetra-, or penta-colporate or pericolporate or one to six porate with smooth, scabrous, striate, striato-reticulate or reticulate surface pattern. Variation among tribes and subtribes and lack of information on the microsporangium in Chironiinae, Tachiinae, Rusbyantheae, Helieae, Voyrieae, and Leiphaimeae are pointed out.

scholarly journals Pierrot, Arlequín y nosotros, los espectadores. A propósito de Funny Games (Michael Haneke, 1997)

2020 ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Pablo Ferrando-García
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Dimension ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
The Family ◽  
P 16 ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
The One ◽  
Pedagogical Function

We present an analysis of the filmic representation of Funny Games to highlight its playful structure as a game of games. Through a series of narrative efforts, a double operation is carried out, aimed at a specular relationship with the viewer. On the one hand, Michael Haneke’s film offers a series of expressive mechanisms that are aimed at shifting the objective gaze to subjective in order to transfer the perception of the subject presented to the viewer. On the other, it presents a brutal clash between the registers of comedy and tragedy through the young psychopaths, Peter and Paul, who emerge as contemporary clowns, in the figures of Pierrot and Harlequin, whose negative resonances lead to the incarnation of absolute EVil. In turn, the family are the victims, and this is presented as the prototype of the family institution while Peter and Paul are mere archetypes. In this way, the cinematographic screen is turned into a device for interrogating its modes of representation and, in turn, offers a solid moral dimension. The ultimate objective of the Hanekian story is to cover it with “a pedagogical function: to familiarize the cinema, to bring it closer to a daily life so that it speaks from you to you to the experience –to the conscience– of the viewer” (Font, 2002, p. 16). Resumen Nuestra propuesta trata de desarrollar un análisis de la representación fílmica con el propósito de poner de relieve la estructura lúdica de Funny Games como juego de juegos. A través de toda una serie de gestiones narrativas se efectúa una doble operación dirigidas a una relación especular con el espectador. Por un lado, la película de Michael Haneke ofrece una serie de mecanismos expresivos que van encaminados al desplazamiento de la mirada objetiva en subjetiva con el fin de trasladar la percepción del sujeto de la enunciación al narratario/espectador. Por otro, presenta un brutal choque entre el registro de la comedia con la tragedia a través de los jóvenes psicópatas, Peter y Paul, que se erigen en los payasos contemporáneos, en las figuras de Pierrot y Arlequín, cuyas resonancias negativas conducen a la encarnación del Mal absoluto. A su vez, George y Anne Schöber son las víctimas y estos son expuestos como el prototipo de la institución familiar mientras Peter y Paul son meros arquetipos narrativos. De este modo, la pantalla cinematográfica se convierte en un dispositivo de interrogación sobre sus modos de representación y, a su vez, ofrece una sólida dimensión moral. El objetivo último del relato hanekiano es revestirlo de “una función pedagógica: familiarizar el cine, acercarlo a una cotidianidad para que hable de tú a tú a la experiencia –a la conciencia– del espectador” (Font, 2002: 16).

scholarly journals Palynological analysis of Dennstaedtiaceae taxa from the Paranaense Phytogeographic Province that produce Trilete spores II: Microlepia speluncae and Pteridium arachnoideum

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 877-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustina Yañez ◽  
Gonzalo J. Marquez ◽  
Marta A. Morbelli
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spore Morphology ◽  
Central Channel ◽  
Palynological Analysis ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
The Family ◽  
Wall Ultrastructure

The spore morphology and wall ultrastructure of Microlepia speluncae and Pteridium arachnoideum from the Paranaense Province were analyzed with LM, SEM and TEM and a comparative analysis was carried out. In both species the spores are covered by a three-dimensional network of threads branched and fused, tangentially arranged to the surface, and some free-end threads are also seen. The species were differentiated by morphology and the frequency of threads fusion and the networks distribution on the surface of the spores. In both species the exospore is two-layered in section, both layers are traversed by single or branched channels. The perispore is three-layered in section: the inner layer is adhered to the exospore, the middle layer is formed of a three-dimensional network of threads and the outer layer is discontinuous. The perispore ultrastructure of Microlepia speluncae was interpreted as formed of helical subunits displayed around a central channel. The spore morphology and perispore ultrastructure allow differentiating Microlepia from Pteridium but also to the other Dennstaedtiaceae genera that grow in the Paranaense Province. The results obtained allow establishing relationships that let us recognize different groups and gave a new reference to get a better knowledge of the family.

scholarly journals On the Embryology of Two Species of Genus Lepidium (Brassicaceae)

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-588
Author(s):  
Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova ◽  
Ivanka B. Semerdjieva ◽  
Rozalia Nikolova ◽  
Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mature Ovule ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

Some species of genus Lepidium of the family Brassicaceae are ruderal plants, and they can grow well on less fertile soils and may have potential as oilseed crops for marginal lands. To develop cultivation techniques for wild species, the reproductive capacity of the species needs to be revealed. The objective of this work was embryological study of two Lepidium species (L. campestre and L. ruderale). As a result of the study, the main features of male and female generative spheres were established. Male generative sphere: The anther is tetrasporangiate and its wall, the development of which follows the monocotyledonous-type, consists of epidermis, endothecium, one middle layer, and glandular tapetum. Predominantly, tetrahedral microspore tetrads form after simultaneous type of microsporogenesis. The mature pollen grains are two-celled. Female generative sphere: The mature ovule is ana-amphytropous, crassinucellate, and bitegmic with unicellular archesporium that functions as a megaspore mother cell without cutting off of parietal cells. The development of the embryo sac follows the polygonum-type development. The embryo and endosperm develop after the onagrad-type embryogenesis. The established peculiarities of the reproductive biology characterize the studied species as sexually reproducing taxa that guarantee the stability of size of their populations. This is important for the conservation of these species as part of the Bulgarian flora biodiversity given their status of valuable medicinal plants. The data obtained will contribute to the knowledge of the embryological characteristic of genus Lepidium. The results contribute to the understanding of Lepidium biology and potential development of Lepidium species as oilseed cash crops for marginal lands.

scholarly journals Violence in YAL with special emphasis on contemporary Macedonian YAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Jovanka Denkova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Family Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Victims Of Violence

In this paper , we focus on contemporary Macedonian literature for young people, in particular of one of its segment, and it is the presence of violence and violent scenes in the works designed for this audience. Theorists of this literature, popularly called YAL, not circumvent these issues, just like writers who write books intended for adolescents. This topic will be discussed by esplicit examples that will be taken of contemporary literature for young people, in order from one side to indicate their presence, and the need to write freely on the subject, and on the other hand to help young people who are experiencing these problems. The analysis will show that in most cases, the cause of the young sometimes turning to violence or themselves been victims of violence are shifting family values, or lack / absence of the family, a family member, usually a parent, neglect by parents and their preoccupation with work.

Krąg rodziców i dzieci uprawnionych do posiadania karty dużej rodziny a konstytucyjna zasada równości wobec prawa

2015 ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
Filip Dziedzic
Keyword(s):  
Large Family ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Large Families ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The subject of the article is the justification of the thesis that the differentiation of the legal situation of parents on the basis of the Act on the Large Family Card, who have established a family with at least three children violates the constitutional principle of equality before the law. On the one hand some parents are entitled to use the card without any time limit, and on the other hand there is a group of parents who also have large families, but are totally deprived of the right. According to the author of the article, the diversity does not represent any constitutionally protected value and the discrimination occurs due to the unlimited duration of the right to own the Card by eligible parents. The result of the above, as well as the fourth (another) child’s right to the Card depending on holding the Card by the parent, is discriminatory for the children born as the fourth (next) child in the family. The article is also an attempt to answer the question which way would be the best to remove the above-mentioned discrimination thus making it most coherent with the objective and content of the analyzed regulation.

scholarly journals LE Test Du Dessin De Famille (Symbolisation par un animal des tendances interdites)

1964 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-430
Author(s):  
Louis Corman
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The application of psychoanalytic rules to the family drawing permits an interpretation in depth which leads to the understanding of conflicts in the child's mind. In this work, the author has limited himself more particularly to the study of the projection of forbidden tendencies to an animal symbol, as this projection enables the subject to gratify 'by proxy' his instincts without feelings of anguish or without being punished. This is surely a theory and it will be necessary, in each case, to check it by means of an extensive clinical and projective analysis. It was possible, however, to support this theory with several arguments. The first is that the familiar animal which is supposed to assume the forbidden tendency is emphasized by the place it occupies, the care with which it is drawn and the comment describing its action. Sometimes even, it has human features which indicate its intimate collusion with the subject. Secondly, in such a case, the subject himself is absent from the drawing; he has not depicted himself. One is led to wonder under what other person's features he appears and when the super-added animal is set out, it may be assumed that it is representing the subject in the drawing. The third argument is inferred from identification. It is quite obvious that, when the subject claims to be identified with the animal, no doubt is possible. However, more often than not, as we have seen, the child evades the question, and when he is invited to identify himself, he is either the father or he is someone absent. This is quite understandable, as we have seen that the person assuming the forbidden action is also the one who will have to accept punishment. Therefore, in one case, the adder is chased away; in other cases, the aggressor animal is killed. In all those cases, it will be necessary to establish identification in an indirect manner, outside of the statements of the child. Identification will be based in the first place on the signs of emphasis given to the animal shown, as we have said; secondly, on the convergence of indices which are brought out by the other tests or psychodramas, as has been illustrated in those observations.

scholarly journals Parental Child Abduction In Malaysia: Is Everything Right with Our Domestic Laws?

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis Shuhaiza Md Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Child Abduction ◽  
Family Pattern ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

Parental child abduction is an unacceptable and condemned act due to its bad implication caused especially on the child. Nevertheless, it was hard to charge parents for absconding or stealing their own child for a long accepted tradition and settled rule that both parents have equal rights over the child. Both would have justifications for their act to be considered as good and bad for the child even to the extent of abducting him or her from the other parent. However, as time passed, the laws particularly, family and criminal law, have also developed to face rapid changes in the family institution. The need to reform the laws for want of jurisdiction or lack of uniformity or adequacy of laws on a certain matter were among the result of the changes in family pattern.  Experience from cases showed that it was very hard for any parent to get back his or her child once the subject has been brought outside the country. Thus, this article is aiming at scrutinising the domestic laws of Malaysia, particularly the family and criminal laws on parental child abduction as well as its enforcement aspect by referring to the relevant provisions and the decided cases. Suggestions are provided to strengthen the law and its enforcement aspect, being a tool to prevent parental child abduction.  

scholarly journals Violence in YAL with special emphasis on contemporary Macedonian YAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Jovanka Denkova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Family Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Victims Of Violence

In this paper , we focus on contemporary Macedonian literature for young people, in particular of one of its segment, and it is the presence of violence and violent scenes in the works designed for this audience. Theorists of this literature, popularly called YAL, not circumvent these issues, just like writers who write books intended for adolescents. This topic will be discussed by esplicit examples that will be taken of contemporary literature for young people, in order from one side to indicate their presence, and the need to write freely on the subject, and on the other hand to help young people who are experiencing these problems. The analysis will show that in most cases, the cause of the young sometimes turning to violence or themselves been victims of violence are shifting family values, or lack / absence of the family, a family member, usually a parent, neglect by parents and their preoccupation with work.

The embyology and relationship of the Byblidaceae

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Conran
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Linear Tetrad ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Antipodal Cells

The relationships of the Byblidaceae have been the subject of a number of recent molecular phylogenetic studies where their traditional relationships with the Roridulaceae and other members of the Rosidae have been overturned in favour of affinities with the Asteridae, in particular to the Lentibulariaceae in the Lamiales. Although the embryological relationships between these families were the subject of an earlier study, the data for the Byblidaceae were incomplete. The family has tetrasporangiate, bilocular anthers with a glandular bi-nucleate tapetum. Formation of the anther wall appears to be of the Dicotyledonous type, and the anthers have ephemeral middle layers and apical fibrous thickenings. Simultaneous microsporogenesis results in tetrahedral tetrads of bi-nucleate pollen grains. The ovules are anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate. Megasporogenesis is direct from the archesporal cell, which in Byblis liniflora Salisb. divides to produce a linear tetrad from which a chalazal megaspore is derived (contrary to a report of a micropylar megaspore in B. gigantea Lindl.). Megagametogenesis conforms to the Polygonum type, and the antipodal cells are persistent. The endosperm is ab initio Cellular and there are well developed micropylar and chalazal haustoria. Embryogenesis appears to conform to the Onagrad type noted for several of the other members of the Lamiales s.l., including the Lentibulariaceae, to which the Byblidaceae have been related in recent molecular studies.

scholarly journals Anther Ontogeny and Microsporogenesis in Helianthus annuus L. (Compositae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Aslihan ÇETİNBAŞ ◽  
Meral ÜNAL
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Meiotic Division ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Epidermal Layer ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Binucleate Cells ◽  
Plasmodial Tapetum ◽  
Anther Ontogeny

In this study, anther ontogeny and microsporogenesis were analysed in Helianthus annuus L. The undifferentiated anther is ovoid-shaped and the differentiation starts with the appearance of archesporial cells. Mature anthers are tetrasporangiate. The anther wall is composed of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and plasmodial tapetum. Endothecial cells show no fibrous thickening. Tapetum is amoeboid type with binucleate cells. Epidermal layer remains intact until anther dehiscence; however, middle layer, endothecium and tapetum disappear during development. At the end of regular meiotic division tetrahedral microspore tetrads are formed. Pollen grains are triporate, suboblate and angulaperturate.

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