Evidence for the role of antibiosis in the antagonism of Chaetomium globosum to the apple scab pathogen, Venturia inaequalis

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1819-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Cullen ◽  
John H. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Chaetomium Globosum ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Fungistatic Activity ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Ascospore suspensions and culture extracts of Chaetomium globosum Kunze: Fr. reduced infection of apple seedlings by Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. (anamorph, Spilocaea pomi Fr.) in growth-chamber studies. An agar diffusion assay was developed to assess the relative fungistatic activity of culture extracts of C. globosum. No differences were observed in the sensitivity of 37 V. inaequalis strains to C. globosum extracts. Seven strains of C. globosum from diverse habitats were evaluated for antibiotic production in culture. Significant differences in antibiotic production between strains were observed, and antibiotic levels were positively correlated with antagonism to V. inaequalis on seedlings in growth-chamber studies. The antibiotic chetomin was tentatively identified in culture extracts by thin-layer chromatography and ultraviolet absorbance. The selection of high antibiotic producing strains of C. globosum may significantly improve antagonistic performance in the field.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with Maize (Zea Mays)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e33741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Szpak ◽  
Fred J. Longstaffe ◽  
Jean-François Millaire ◽  
Christine D. White
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Seabird Guano

Factors Involved in Alachlor Injury to the Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N. Belote ◽  
T.J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Results from greenhouse and growth chamber studies indicated that alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] injury to ‘Superior’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) was related to time of herbicide application and temperature. Injury to the ‘Superior’ cultivar was observed when alachlor was applied just before potato emergence. Necrosis of shoots near the soil surface, shoot dieback, stem swelling, leaf crinkle, and plant stunting were characteristic symptoms of alachlor injury. Cool temperatures appeared to intensify the injury. ‘Superior’ potatoes outgrew injury within 41 days after treatment. Herbicide placement studies in the growth chamber suggested that alachlor or its metabolites were absorbed by the shoots of emerging ‘Superior’ potatoes. Under growth chamber conditions the ‘Katahdin’ cultivar was injured by preemergence applications of alachlor when the herbicide was applied just before plant emergence. Injury symptoms were similar to those observed on the ‘Superior’ cultivar. ‘Pungo’ and ‘Norchip’ potatoes were tolerant to preemergence applications of the herbicide regardless of time of application.

Control of Kochia in Sugarbeets With Benzadox

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Weatherspoon ◽  
E. E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Benzadox [(benzamidooxy)acetic acid] applied at 1, 2, 3, and 4 lb/A as a postemergence treatment controlled kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] selectively in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.). Control increased as the rate of benzadox increased, but some kochia survived at the 4-lb/A rate. Competition from these plants reduced the yields of sugarbeet roots and sucrose. Where surviving kochia plants were removed by hand 7 weeks after emergence, all sugarbeets treated with benzadox yielded as well as the hand-weeded checks. In growth chamber studies, the activity of benzadox was increased by temperature and decreased by simulated rain which occurred within 4 hr following application. Under a temperature regime of 70 F day and 40 F night, if simulated rain was delayed for 8 hr, the control of kochia was identical to that obtained where no simulated rain followed treatment. The growth chamber studies confirmed our results with the performance of benzadox under different environmental conditions in the field.

Dicamba Volatility

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Behrens ◽  
W. E. Lueschen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Volatile Component ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Blotter Paper ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Soybean Leaves

Factors influencing dicamba drift, especially vapor drift, were examined in field and growth chamber studies. In field experiments, potted soybeans[Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. exposed to vapors arising from corn (Zea maysL.) foliarly treated with the sodium (Na), dimethylamine (DMA), diethanolamine (DEOA), orN-tallow-N,N1,N1-trimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane (TA) salts of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), developed dicamba injury symptoms. Dicamba volatilization from treated corn was detected with soybeans for 3 days after the application. Dicamba vapors caused symptoms on soybeans placed up to 60m downwind of the treated corn. When vapor and/or spray drift caused soybean terminal bud kill, yields were reduced. In growth chamber studies, dicamba volatility effects on soybeans could be reduced by lowering the temperature or increasing the relative humidity. Rainfall of 1mm or more on treated corn ended dicamba volatilization. The dicamba volatilization was greater from corn and soybean leaves than from velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) leaves and blotter paper. The volatilization of dicamba formulations varied in growth chamber comparisons with the acid being most volatile and the inorganic salts being the least volatile. However, under field conditions, use of less volatile formulations did not eliminate dicamba symptoms on soybeans. The volatile component of the commercial DMA salt of dicamba was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as free dicamba acid.

Variation in Growth Habit and Response to Chemicals among Three Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Selections

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Habit ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Burs of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) obtained from Stoneville, Mississippi; Urbana, Illinois; and Lamberton, Minnesota, were used in greenhouse and growth chamber studies. The Mississippi and the Illinois strains were both classified as being in the “strumarium” complex of X. strumarium, whereas, the Minnesota strain was classified as being in the “hybrid” complex. The Minnesota common cocklebur developed branch leaves in the leaf axils of the main stem to a much greater extent than did the Mississippi and Illinois common cocklebur. The Mississippi common cocklebur was frequently more tolerant of postemergence applications of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] than were the Illinois and Minnesota common cockebur. The Mississippi and Illinois common cocklebur developed leaf necrosis when sprayed with an insecticide formulation containing malathion (o, o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of mercaptosuccinate) and petroleum solvents; the Minnesota common cocklebur did not.

Germination and Emergence of Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Mann ◽  
C. E. Rieck ◽  
W. W. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Mechanical scarification of burcucumber (Sicyos angulatusL.) seeds resulted in increased water absorption and germination. Burcucumber germination occurred at temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 C with optimum germination occurring from 20 to 30 C. Scarified burcucumber seeds were more sensitive to simulated moisture stress than were either soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams’] or corn [Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer Brand 3369A’]. Regardless of osmotic potential, intact burcucumber seeds did not germinate; scarified seeds germinated at osmotic potentials to −6 bars. Cold stratification at 4 C for 18 weeks modified seedcoat permeability so that 11% of non-scarified burcucumber seeds germinated. Increasing depth of planting decreased emergence with limited emergence occurring at depths of 15 and 16 cm in field and growth chamber studies, respectively.

An Oil Carrier for Increasing Purple Nutsedge Control

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Burr ◽  
G. F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundusL.) control with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) was increased in greenhouse and growth chamber studies by application of these herbicides in an undiluted isoparaffinic oil carrier rather than water. Two applications of 2,4-D at 2.2 kg/ha in the oil carrier inhibited tuber and shoot production and reduced the number of viable tubers present, but two applications of linuron at 0.6 or 2.2 kg/ha in the oil inhibited only shoot production from repotted tubers. Studies with labeled 2,4-D showed an increase in both rate and quantity of penetration of this herbicide into purple nutsedge when applied in oil rather than water. Labeled linuron was applied to purple nutsedge and to beans(Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Improved Tendergreen’) and also showed an increase in penetration with the oil rather than water. Translocation out of treated leaves was not increased for either 2,4-D or linuron by application in the oil carrier.

Response of Velvetleaf(Abutilon theoprasti)to Bentazon as Affected by Leaf Orientation

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Andersen ◽  
W. L. Koukkari
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Leaf Orientation ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Greenhouse and growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the cause of previously observed differences in the effectiveness of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] when applied at various times of the day to velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic). Leaves of velvetleaf moved rhythmically from a near horizontal day position to a near vertical night position with the tip of the blade pointed downward. Plants were sprayed with bentazon at various times of day. The amount of spray retained and the degree of control decreased as the leaves moved toward the vertical downward night position. This suggested that a major cause of the time-of-day effect with bentazon treatments on velvetleaf is variation in the amount of spray intercepted and retained as a function of varying leaf angles.

Growth, Reproductive Potential, and Control Strategies for Deeproot Sedge (Cyperus entrerianus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Bryson ◽  
Richard Carter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Achene Production

Greenhouse, growth chamber, and field studies were conducted at Stoneville, MS, in 2000 to 2008, to determine the growth rate, reproductive and overwintering potential, and control of deeproot sedge. In growth chamber studies, deeproot sedge growth rate (ht) and plant dry wt were greatest at 25/35 C (night/day temperatures), when compared with regimes of 5/15, 15/25, and 20/30 C. Based on the average number of scales (fruiting sites per spikelet), spikelets per inflorescence, and culms per plant, deeproot sedge reproductive potential was 2.6-, 6.2-, and 17.4-fold greater than Surinam, green, and knob sedges, respectively. A single deeproot sedge plant produced an average of 85,500 achenes annually. Mowing at 15-cm ht weekly prevented achene production but did not kill deeproot sedge plants. The average number of inflorescences produced on mowed plants was 1.2 to 4 times greater in 2- and 1-yr-old deeproot sedge plants, respectively, when compared with unmowed plants. Mature deeproot sedge achenes were produced between monthly mowings. In a 3-yr field study, glyphosate, glufosinate, hexazinone, and MSMA provided more than 85% control of deeproot sedge, and above the soil, live deeproot sedge plant dry wt was reduced by 50, 64, 68, 72, 86, and 93% by dicamba, halosulfuron-methyl, MSMA, hexazinone, glufosinate, and glyphosate, respectively. All (100%) deeproot sedge plants 1 yr old or older overwintered at Stoneville, MS, at 33°N latitude.

INFLUENCE OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON METRIBUZIN PHYTOTOXICITY TO TOMATO

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. PHATAK ◽  
G. R. STEPHENSON
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
High Light ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Temperature Factors

Growth-chamber studies were conducted to identify the light and temperature factors associated with metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)one) injury to tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Plants exposed to 4 days of low light (6,500 lx) were more susceptible to metribuzin injury than those grown in high light (22,000 lx). Injury to tomatoes was greatest under conditions of low light prior to and high light after application of metribuzin to the foliage. Every increase in temperature from 21 C days and 13 C nights, to 25 C days and 18 C nights, to 27 C days and 18 C nights resulted in increased metribuzin injury to tomato.

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