Variation in phytoliths from corn leaves

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2001-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Mulholland ◽  
George Rapp Jr. ◽  
Amy L. Ollendorf
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Leaf Node ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Part Variation ◽  
Leaf Part ◽  
Ongoing Project

This paper examines variation of phytoliths in leaves of corn (Zea mays L.) as part of an ongoing project to establish accurate, reliable, phytolith "signatures." Factors investigated include leaf part, individual plant, leaf node, geographic location, and corn variety. Counts of 100 phytoliths were made on 24 separate samples, classifying shapes into dumbbell, cross, and irregular categories. Resulting assemblages were compared using chi-square and NANOVA test statistics. Results indicate that different leaf parts and corn varieties significantly affect phytolith assemblages. Base, midsection, and tip of leaf blades consistently produce different assemblages; two North Dakota native corn varieties also produce different assemblages (when part variation is eliminated). Variation due to leaf node and individual plant is not consistent; variation due to geographic location is generally not significant. It is suggested that researchers use entire leaf blade sections as samples in phytolith analysis. This sampling design will incorporate variation exhibited within the leaf blade and avoid characterization of plants by inaccurate phytolith assemblages.

scholarly journals Characterization of Tanzanian Avocado Using Morphological Traits

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Juma ◽  
Agnes Nyomora ◽  
Helena Persson Hovmalm ◽  
Moneim Fatih ◽  
Mulatu Geleta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Germplasm Management ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Principle Coordinate Analysis ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Seed Characteristics

Two-hundred and twenty-six old avocado trees (Persea americana Mill) derived from seeds were selected from eight districts of the Mbeya, Njombe and Songwe regions in Tanzania. The tree, leaf, fruit and seed characteristics were studied using the descriptors for avocado (Persea spp.) from the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Cross tabulation and Chi-square tests were conducted in order to assess the distribution of traits between districts and altitude ranges. Principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to assess variation of traits within and among districts. Various morphological features were observed among the samples which point to the existence of the Mexican, Guatemalan and West Indian avocado races in Tanzania. The biplot from PCoA revealed extensive variation between the sampled trees at the district level but no clear groupings of the samples based on geographic location. Likewise, dendrograms ensuing from the neighbor–joining and Wards methods displayed that the avocado samples from the same district and even region differed considerably. This morphological trait variation suggests high diversity that may help in planning germplasm management and conservation, as well as breeding strategies in the future.

scholarly journals Children hospitalized due to maltreatment in the ICU of a Public Health Service

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. 1420-1427
Author(s):  
Letícia Medeiros Santomé ◽  
Sandra Maria Cezar Leal ◽  
Joel Rolim Mancia ◽  
Antônio Marcos Freire Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pediatric Icu

ABSRACT Objective: to characterize children hospitalized due to violence in a pediatric ICU in 2011; to relate violence and the mechanisms of trauma with death; to know the contextualization of violence, from the records in the medical records. Method: retrospective cohort, performed in a first aid hospital, Porto Alegre city, in the records of 22 children hospitalized in the ICU due to violence. Quantitative analysis was performed by absolute and relative frequency rates, chi-square and relative risk. Results: 54.5% were boys, 81.8% were white and 50% were up to three years old. Physical violence 50% and neglect 36.4%, family of children (77.3%), highlighting the mother (35.3%). Mechanisms of aggression: fall (22.7%), burns (18.2%). Burns were at high risk for death. Discharge to go home after ICU admission (59.1%). Conclusion: It is considered that the characterization of the cases of violence reflects the complexity of the theme, mainly, in face of the life histories that surround each case of children hospitalized by this aggravation.

scholarly journals Characterization of the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (suppl.2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisélia Santana Souza ◽  
Ediná Alves Costa ◽  
Rafael Damasceno de Barros ◽  
Marcelo Tavares Pereira ◽  
Joslene Lacerda Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Services ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Heterogeneous Process ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Computerized System ◽  
Municipal Health

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the current stage of the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities. METHODS: This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study composed by an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified by Brazilian regions. We interviewed municipal secretaries of health, responsible for pharmaceutical services, and pharmacists responsible for the dispensing of medicines. The variables selected from the interviews were grouped into five dimensions that defined three stages of pharmaceutical services institutionalization: incipient (0%-34.0%), partial (35.0%-69.0%), and advanced (70.0%-100%), estimated based on the interviewees’ answers. Frequencies were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. For the statistical association analysis, the Chi-square test was applied, with significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: Our results show a partial and heterogeneous process of institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazil, and an advanced stage in formal structures, such as the municipal health plans and the existence of a standardized list of medicines. The analysed variables in the “organization, structure, and financing” dimension configured stages that range from partial to advanced. The management presented partial institutionalization, positively showing the existence of computerized system, but also disparate results regarding the autonomy in the management of financial resources. Indispensable items related to the structure expressed disparities between the regions, with statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: The study showed a partial and heterogeneous process of institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities, showing regional disparities. Variables related to the normative aspects of institutionalization were positively highlighted in all dimensions; however, it is necessary to conduct new studies to evaluate the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services’ finalistic activities

scholarly journals POLIMORPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ESR1 AND FOXL2 GENES AND THE ASSOCIATION OF THEIR INTERACTION WITH PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF BROWN LOCAL IRAQI CHICKENS

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1391-1400
Author(s):  
R. I. A. Abu-Rekaiba ◽  
E. H. AL-Anbari ◽  
W. M. Razuki
Keyword(s):  
Production Performance ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Egg Formation ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
New Evidence

The estrogen receptor 1(ESR1) and fork-head box L2 (FOX L2) genes play a pivotal role in regulation of egg formation in poultry. this study aimed to investigate interaction between ESR1 and FOXL2 in the productive performance of brown local Iraqi chickens (BLIC). A total of 104 BLIC represented from the F4th generation of local chicken selected for high egg productions were used. Two novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), one of them in ESR1 (T57198C) intron 3, and another of FOX L2 (C919T) gene within encoding region were identified through PCR-DNA sequencing. Six haplotypes (H1=TTCC, H2=TTCT, H3=TCCC, H4=TCCT, H5=CCCC, H6=CCCT) were obtained due to interaction between these two SNPs. Chi-square analysis showed no significant  in genotypic and allelic frequencies for each SNP which revealed that both genes were agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Association analysis of haplotypes with production traits revealed that individuals have H4 genotype achieved higher body weight at sexual maturity, at 60 weeks of age and egg weight at 45 and 60 weeks of age, whereas, the higher number of eggs were exhibited in individual with H6 from onset egg till 60 weeks of age. The two haplotypes; H4(TCCT) and H6(CCCT) showed better combination than others with respect to production performance. In conclusion, our findings provided new evidence that the two genes (ESR1 and FOXLl2) with special interaction may have potential effects on productive traits of chickens and beneficial effects in laying breeding programs.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Subgingival Cultivable Microbiota in Patients with Different Stages of Periodontitis in Spain and Colombia. A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Roquelina Pianeta ◽  
Margarita Iniesta ◽  
Diana Marcela Castillo ◽  
Gloria I. Lafaurie ◽  
Mariano Sanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Campylobacter Rectus ◽  
Parvimonas Micra ◽  
Final Sample

The objective was to characterize and compare the subgingival microbiota in patients diagnosed according to the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions 2018. For this cross-sectional study, Spanish and Colombian subjects (characterized as health/gingivitis, periodontitis in stages I-II or stages III-IV) were clinically assessed, and subgingival samples were taken and processed by culture. The comparisons among patients with periodontal status (and between countries) was made using Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, ANOVA and chi-square tests. The final sample consisted of 167 subjects. Eikenella corrodens and Parvimonas micra were more frequently detected in health/gingivitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis (p < 0.05). Higher total counts were observed in Colombia (p = 0.036). In Spain, significantly higher levels of P. gingivalis and Campylobacter rectus were observed, and of Tannerella forsythia, P. micra, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces odontolyticus and Capnocytophaga spp. in Colombia (p < 0.001). P. micra was more prevalent in health/gingivitis and stage I-II periodontitis in Colombia, and P. gingivalis in all periodontitis groups in Spain (p < 0.05). As conclusions, significant differences were detected in the microbiota between health/gingivitis and periodontitis, with minor differences between stages of periodontitis. Differences were also relevant between countries, with Colombia showing larger counts and variability of bacterial species.

scholarly journals POLIO VACCINATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ali ◽  
Liaqat Ali ◽  
Mussawar Shah ◽  
Naimatullah Khan ◽  
Muhammad Shafee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Disease ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Infantile Paralysis

Background: Polio is a viral disease causing infantile paralysis in the community.This study cultural and traditional barriers to Polio Vaccination. Pakistan in order to explore thecultural and traditional barriers in vaccination against polio. Setting: Tehsil Kwazakhela, Swat,KPK. Methods: A total of 200 respondents were selected from 364 household’s population. Aconceptual framework based on cultural barriers to polio vaccination (dependent variable) andimpediments to polio vaccination (dependent variable) was worked out and uni-variate analysisfor percentage and Chi square test statistics was carried out for association between variables.Results: At uni-variate level majority of the respondent’s i.e. 98% argued that misconceptionis a great issue in the area and 98.5% respondents treat the new born through traditional way.Furthermore, 79.5% masses were in favor of clergy’s fatwah and 95% were agreed that poliovaccine caused immodesty, 81.5% were facing hurdles due to religious background, and 68 %responded that polio vaccination affected from terrorism, 92% agreed that polio vaccination isagainst the prevalent culture. At bivariate level myth, clergies fatwah, polio vaccine is an Americanploy and common superstition spread by radicals were found significant with impediments topolio vaccination. Conclusion: A well patronized campaign over media through proper displayof victims from polio with explicit display of agonies from the victims is essential. Support fromclergies and other regional religious institutions will help in the success of campaign to fightagainst Polio.

scholarly journals Characterization of Child Maltreatment Cases Identified in Health Services

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davi Manzini Macedo ◽  
Priscila Lawrenz ◽  
Jean Von Hohendorff ◽  
Clarissa Pinto Pizarro Freitas ◽  
Silvia Helena Koller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Abstract Child maltreatment is a severe Public Health issue. To understand its associated factors, our study analyzed 14.564 cases of child maltreatment recorded in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between 2010 and 2014. In our study, we analyzed immediate contextual aspects (child’s gender and developmental stage, perpetrator’s gender, family relationship between the victim and the perpetrator) and intermediate aspects (health professionals’ response). Chi-square analysis showed that girls were more likely to be vulnerable to sexual and psychological abuse, especially in middle childhood. Boys, on the other hand, were more likely to experience neglect in infancy and physical abuse in middle childhood. Males were the main perpetrators. Our results are discussed, based on a theoretical review of the sociocultural conceptions of child developmental characteristics, parenting practices, and gender roles. We suggest changes in the notification process and case referral.

Minimalist Biological Race

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael O. Hardimon
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Biological Race

The minimalist concept of race represents the barest characterization of the ordinary concept race possible. Minimalist races are groups of human beings distinguished by patterns of visible physical features, groups whose members are linked by a common ancestry peculiar to members of the group, and which originate from a distinctive geographic location. Minimalist races exist because there are existing human groups that satisfy the minimalist concept of race. Their existence is not precluded by the findings of population genetics. Appeal to contemporary studies in evolutionary biology and population genetics makes it possible to rebut the objection that minimalist races do not exist because they are not genetically distinct.

scholarly journals Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats in Guangdong, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayu Li ◽  
Xiaoyu Dan ◽  
Kexin Zhu ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Yaqiong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Background There are only limited number of reports on molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats in China. This study was conducted to assess the infection rates, genetic identity, and public health potential of these parasites in dogs and cats in Guangdong, China. Methods PCR and sequence analyses were used to identify and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in fecal samples from 641 dogs and 418 cats in Guangdong. Chi-square test and odds ratio analysis were used to compare the occurrence rates of these pathogens and identify risk factors for infection. Results The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 6.9% (44/641) and 9.4% (60/641) in dogs, and 6.2% (26/418) and 3.6% (15/418) in cats. Purebred cats (12.4%; χ2 = 5.110, OR = 2.8, P = 0.024) and dogs (10.8%; χ2 = 5.597, OR = 4.8, P = 0.018) were more likely to be infected by Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis, respectively. Dogs (12.0%; χ2 = 7.589, OR = 2.6, P = 0.006) and cats (13.6%; χ2 = 8.235, OR = 3.5, P = 0.004) under 6 months had significantly higher infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. than older animals. Household (13.9%; χ2 = 10.279, OR = 2.6, P = 0.008) and pet shop dogs (11.0%; χ2 = 7.182, OR = 2.0, P = 0.048) had higher occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., as was the case for G. duodenalis occurrence in experimental dogs (13.4%; χ2 = 9.223, OR = 1.9, P = 0.017). Cryptosporidium canis (n = 42), C. muris (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV (n = 1) were identified in dogs, while C. felis (n = 21), C. parvum (n = 3), C. muris (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV (n = 1) were identified in cats. In contrast, the canine-specific assemblages C (n = 27) and D (n = 26) and the feline-specific assemblage F (n = 14) were almost exclusively the only genotypes of G. duodenalis in dogs and cats, respectively. There was no significant difference in infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis between diarrheal and non-diarrheal pets. Conclusions While domestic pets in Guangdong are infected with zoonotic Cryptosporidium species, they are mainly infected with host-specific G. duodenalis genotypes. Risk factors for infections differ between Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis and between dogs and cats.

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