Differential tolerance of manganese among cultivars of Triticum aestivum

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1305-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila M. Macfie ◽  
Gregory J. Taylor ◽  
Keith G. Briggs ◽  
John Hoddinott
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Control Root ◽  
Relative Root Growth ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Relative Root

Thirty cultivars of Triticum aestivum differed in tolerance of manganese (Mn) as determined by relative root growth in solution culture. Based upon a root weight index (RWI = root weight in the presence of 500 μM Mn divided by control root weight), Mn tolerance ranged from 0.08 to 0.88. All Canadian Western Red Spring (CWRS) cultivars tested were Mn sensitive. Cultivars bred for high yield were more Mn tolerant, especially 'Norquay' (RWI = 0.88) which was the only cultivar with a RWI > 0.70. The cultivars 'Norquay' and 'Columbus' were selected as standards for Mn tolerance and Mn sensitivity, respectively. 'Norquay' showed maximum root growth at 100 μM Mn, a concentration which was toxic to 'Columbus', and differential tolerance was maintained up to 1000 μM Mn in solution. Differences between 'Norquay' and 'Columbus', grown in excess Mn, were also observed in the accumulation of biomass with time. In contrast with previous studies, Mn tolerance was positively correlated with Al tolerance (R2 = 32.7, p = 0.001) in the cultivars tested.

Malate Efflux From Root Apices and Tolerance to Aluminium Are Highly Correlated in Wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Ryan ◽  
E Delhaize ◽  
PJ Randall
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Relative Root Growth ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Root Apices ◽  
Relative Root ◽  
Sensitive Genotype

Aluminium (Al) can stimulate the efflux of malate and other organic acids from root apices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. This response has been implicated in a mechanism of Al tolerance since the amount of malate released from an Al-tolerant genotype was 5-10-fold greater than the amount released from a near-isogenic, but Al sensitive, genotype. In the present study, 36 wheat cultivars were screened for Al tolerance and for the amount of malate released from their root apices with a standard A1 treatment. Excised root apices (3.0 mm) were used to measure malate efflux, and the relative tolerance to Al was determined from root growth measurements in 3 and 10μM AlCl3 with 200 μM CaCl2, pH 4.3. There was a significant correlation between relative tolerance of the genotypes to Al and the amount of malate released from their root apices. Growth measurements were also used to investigate the amelioration of Al toxicity by exogenous malate. In the presence of 3 μM Al alone, relative root growth of an Al-sensitive genotype was reduced to 13% of the control. Addition of 10 μM malate to the solution increased relative root growth to 50%, and 20 �M malate completely alleviated the Al-induced inhibition of root growth. The results support the hypothesis that the Al-stimulated efflux of malate from root apices is involved in a general mechanism for Al tolerance in wheat.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Aluminum Sensitivity in Barrel Medic Germplasm

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawadee Srimake ◽  
Susan C. Miyasaka
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Staining Score ◽  
Relative Root Growth ◽  
Relative Root

Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acid soils is a major constraint to global agricultural production, affecting ≈30% of the world’s arable land area. To study Al tolerance in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), we assessed responses to excess Al in 91 accessions collected from different geographic regions. Root elongations were used to characterize the sensitivity of each accession. Seedlings were grown in an agarose medium that contained three levels of Al (50, 100, and 200 µm), and root elongation was measured at 72 hours after exposure to Al. The ratio of root elongation in the presence and absence of Al [relative root growth (RRG)] differed among accessions. At 50 µm Al, we observed the greatest range of intraspecific variation. Aluminum sensitivity of 30 accessions was tested further by hematoxylin staining. Relative root growth was regressed linearly against the visual staining score, and a significant, negative, linear relationship was found between RRG at 50 or 100 µm Al and the intensity of staining scores. Twelve selected accessions differing in their resistance were grown in Al-toxic soil to confirm their Al response. Such information could be useful in breeding or selecting for improved Al tolerance in barrel medic, as well as other crop species.

Mechanisms of aluminum tolerance in Triticum aestivum (wheat). V. Nitrogen nutrition, plant-induced pH, and tolerance to aluminum; correlation without causality?

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Aluminum Tolerance ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Ph Conditions

An aluminum-tolerant cultivar ('Atlas-66') and an aluminum-sensitive cultivar ('Scout-66') of Triticum aestivum L. were grown in solution culture under conditions of varying [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] supply with or without 75 μM aluminum. Plants grown with a low [Formula: see text] ratio in solution maintained a higher solution pH than plants grown with a high [Formula: see text] ratio. Although root growth of 'Scout-66' was greater under high [Formula: see text], high solution pH conditions, the relative tolerance of the cultivars to Al was unaffected by the [Formula: see text] ratio and by solution pH. The superior Al tolerance of 'Atlas-66' could not be explained solely by its ability to maintain a high solution pH in mixed nitrogen solutions.

scholarly journals Relative Salinity Tolerance of 21 Turf-type Desert Saltgrasses Compared to Bermudagrass

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Marcum ◽  
Mohammad Pessarakli ◽  
David M. Kopec
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Total Salinity ◽  
Relative Root

Relative salinity tolerance of 21 desert saltgrass accessions (Distichlis spicata [L.] Greene var. stricta (Torr.) Beetle), and one hybrid bermudagrass `Midiron' (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers. var. dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy `Midiron') were determined via solution culture in a controlled-environment greenhouse. Salinity in treatment tanks was gradually raised, and grasses progressively exposed to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m total salinity in sequence. Grasses were held at each salinity level for 1 week, followed by determination of relative salinity injury. Relative (to control) live green shoot weight (SW), relative root weight (RW), and % canopy green leaf area (GLA) were highly correlated with one-another (all r values >0.7), being mutually effective indicators of relative salinity tolerance. The range of salinity tolerance among desert saltgrass accessions was substantial, though all were more tolerant than bermudagrass. Accessions A77, A48, and A55 suffered little visual shoot injury, and continued shoot and root growth at a low level, when exposed up to 1.0 m (71,625 mg·L–1); sea water is about 35,000 mg·L–1), and therefore can be considered halophytes.

scholarly journals SELEKSI KETAHANAN BEBERAPA KULTIVAR PADI (Oryza sativa L.) LOKAL ASAL KALIMANTAN TIMUR TERHADAP CEKAMAN ALUMINIUM PADA FASE PERKECAMBAHAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Nurul Aini ◽  
Susylowati Susylowati ◽  
Nurhasanah Nurhasanah
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Relative Root Growth ◽  
Relative Root

Food security and sovereignty can be realized through the expansion of agricultural land to the marginal lands. One type of marginal land is acidie soils with high levels of aluminum (Al) toxicity. An efficient and environmentally friendly approach to utilizeng acidie soils as agricultural land is by using rice varieties which have a high tolerance to aluminum stress on acidie soils. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aluminum stress on the growth of the local rice from East Kalimantan and to select the tolerant cultivars against aluminum stress at the germination stage. The study was conducted for three months (May-July 2018), at Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mulawarman, Samarinda.  This study used a Split Plot Design with three replications. As the main plot was Aluminum stress concentration (A) consisting of 3 levels, namely 0, 250 and 500 ppm of AlCl3 and as subplots were 25 rice genotypes, consisting of 23 local rice cultivars from East Kalimantan (V) and two genotypes as tolerant (Mekongga) and sensitive (IR64) controls. Assessment of aluminum tolerance level was carried out by calculating plant sensitivity index values against aluminum stress based on the Relative Root Growth (RRG) and Relative Shoot Growth (SRG) parameters. Other plant growth parameter data, root and shoot fresh and dry weight, were analyzed using analysis of variance at the test level α = 0.05, and the post-hoch test using Honestly Significant Difference test (HSD). Aluminum stress caused disruption of the East Kalimantan local rice cultivars growth, especially root growth. Aluminum concentration at either 250 ppm or 500 ppm reduced relative root growth and further damage the root system of the rice plants causing roots stunted and thickened. Likewise with shoot growth parameter, there was a relative shoot growth decline due to the aluminum stress on the plants. Two local rice cultivars of East Kalimantan, Pulut Mayang and Pulut Linjuang, were consistently tolerant to aluminum stress either in 250 ppm or 500 ppm of AlCl3; while Kawit, Bentian, Mayas Putih and Ketan putih cultivars were only classified as tolerant at a concentration of 250 ppm aluminum. On the other hand, a control sensitive variety IR64 showed the susceptibility to 250 and 500 ppm aluminum stress.

A COMPARISON OF METHODS OF EVALUATING RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS FOR SEEDLING VIGOR

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Relative Root Growth ◽  
Clonal Lines ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Relative Root

Twelve clonal lines of Russian wild ryegrass and the polycross seed from them were used for this study. The lines were evaluated for seedling vigor in the greenhouse, field, and laboratory. Seedling vigor was assessed on the basis of emergence from three depths of seeding, speed of germination, and relative root growth in glass tubes.Seed size of the parental clones and emergence of their progenies from a [Formula: see text]-inch seeding depth showed positive correlations of +0.76 and +0.83 in the greenhouse and field, respectively. Emergence from shallow seedings and relative root growth in glass tubes did not vary sufficiently to provide measured differentiation in seedling vigor. Speed of germination showed some indication that it might be used to determine seedling vigor.Selecting large-seeded lines and subjecting them to deep seeding in either the greenhouse or field is suggested as a suitable method of incorporating seedling vigor into a breeding program.

scholarly journals The Response of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) Roots to Cd and Its Chemical Forms

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xue ◽  
Jin-qin Wang ◽  
Jin Huang ◽  
Feng-ying Li ◽  
Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Chemical Forms ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Relative Root Growth ◽  
Relative Root ◽  
Root Growth Rate

The response of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) roots to Cd and its chemical forms was investigated. The relative root growth rate and concentrations of Cd and its different chemical forms in the root, that is, ethanol-extractable (FE-Cd), HCl-extractable (FHCl-Cd), and residual fractions (Fr-Cd), were quantified. Weibull model was used to unravel the regression between the relative root elongation (RRL) with chemical forms of Cd. Parameters assessed catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (A-TOC). Our results show that both the relative root growth rate and relative frond number were affected by Cd concentrations. The chemical forms of Cd were influenced by Cd content in the medium. Relative root elongation (RRL) showed a significant correlation with chemical forms of Cd. Additionally, POD and SOD increased at lower Cd concentrations followed by a decrease at higher Cd concentrations (at more than 5 μM Cd). Moreover, MDA and A-TOC increased and CAT decreased with increasing Cd exposure. Furthermore, CAT showed a significant correlation with FHCl-Cd. Taken together, it can be concluded that the chemical forms of Cd are statistically significant predictors of Cd toxicity to duckweed and to the other similar aquatic plants.

Tolerance of aluminium toxicity in annual Medicago species and lucerne

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Scott ◽  
M. A. Ewing ◽  
R. Williams ◽  
A. W. Humphries ◽  
N. E. Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Root Regrowth ◽  
Selection Intensities ◽  
Annual Medicago ◽  
Medicago Species ◽  
Relative Root

A rapid (7 day) solution-based screening test was developed using 15 annual Medicago cultivars and one M. sativa. Based on a relative root regrowth after exposures to aluminium (Al), Zodiac (M. murex), Orion (M. sphaerocarpos) and the M. polymorha cultivars Santiago, Cavalier and Serena had the greatest Al tolerance. Herald (M. littoralis) and Rivoli (M. tornata) were most sensitive. Ranking for Al tolerance from the solution culture correlated well (r = 0.80) with ranking for tolerance of the 16 genotypes grown in an acidic soil (unlimed pHCa 4.1). We screened 17 Australian populations of lucerne (M. sativa) using a 24 h ‘pulse’ of 75 µmol/L Al, and a three day ‘recovery’ of 10 µmol/L Al. We identified and recovered plants with a root regrowth of ≥5 mm in all 17 populations with selection intensities of 2 to 4%. Four of these selected populations (Aurora, UQL-1, A513 and TO2-011) were polycrossed within each population to produce four populations of seed from the cycle 1 selections. The length of root regrowth under Al stress was improved for all four populations of cycle 1 selection (P ≤ 0.001; from 2.6 mm for the original populations to 6.3 mm for the cycle 1 selections). In a subsequent experiment the cycle 2 selections from Aurora, UQL-1 and TO2-011 had significantly greater root regrowth than both the cycle 1 selections (P ≤ 0.001; 8.3 cf. 6.6 mm) and the unselected populations (3.0 mm). The selections from TO2-011 appeared to have greater improvement in the average length of root regrowth after 2 cycles of selection. Selected germplasm was more tolerant than GAAT in our evaluation. Based on estimation of realised heritability, it seemed likely that higher selection intensities would give more rapid improvements in tolerance. Our studies have not investigated the physiological basis of any tolerance of Al which we observed.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature on growth and development of cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers.) under summer conditions.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
M. Nieuwhof
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Raphanus Sativus L ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Selection Of

During 1977, seven cultivars and strains were sown in glasshouses at temperatures of 10, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26 deg C and harvested at five dates. Maximum leaf and dry-matter production occurred at 20 and 23 deg C, and maximum root growth initially at 20 and 23 deg C, but later at 17 deg C. Cultivar differences in rate of leaf and root growth were observed, and cultivar X environment interactions were apparent for leaf and root growth under summer conditions. The overall order of cultivars for leaf and root weight was similar to that for plants grown under autumn conditions [see PBA 47, 5915]; hence it is suggested that selection of plants for growing in winter could be performed during the summer. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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