Ceratorhiza pernacatena and Epulorhiza calendulina spp.nov.: mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 1981-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla D. Zelmer ◽  
R. S. Currah
Keyword(s):  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Terrestrial Orchids ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Platanthera Praeclara ◽  
Branched Chains

Two new species of fungi mycorrhizal with terrestrial orchids native to the Canadian prairies are described and illustrated. Ceratorhiza pernacatena sp.nov., from mycorrhizas of Platanthera praeclara, produces globose monilioid cells linked by narrow, tubular, connections that contain the septum between adjacent cells. Hyphae are binucleate, 5–7 μm in width, regularly septate with perforate parenthesomes. Cellulase is produced, but polyphenol oxidase production is low to absent. Epulorhiza calendulina sp.nov., from mycorrhizas of Amerorchis rotundifolia, is distinguished from other Epulorhiza species by the orange to ochre colour of colonies on potato dextrose agar. On corn meal agar, clavate to irregular monilioid cells are produced in short, branched, chains arising from lateral hyphal branches. Runner hyphae are binucleate, 3.0–4.7 μm in width, regularly septate, with flattened, imperforate parenthesomes. Polyphenol oxidase production is lacking, but cellulase is produced. Key words: orchid mycorrhizas, Amerorchis rotundifolia, Platanthera praeclara, Rhizoctonia.

scholarly journals Isolation spore production and Kochs postulates of Elsinoe pyri

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 308-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W.A. Scheper ◽  
P.N. Wood ◽  
B.M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Fruit Spot ◽  
Minor Disease ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Germination Tube

Elsinoe leaf and fruit spot is a minor disease of apple and pear Very little is known of the biology and life cycle of the causal agent Elsinoe pyri The fungus was isolated from spots on apple fruit and grew very slowly on potato dextrose agar (PDA) The conditions needed for spore production were examined using different culturing media plating techniques and culture ages When small pieces of a 2 to 6weekold culture from PDA were subcultured onto corn meal agar for 2 days viable conidia were produced Conidial germination occurred between 10C and 26C with the highest germination percentage at 20C and 26C and greatest germination tube elongation at 20C At least 200 conidia per leaf were required to infect Royal Gala leaves Typical elsinoe spots were visible 6 weeks after inoculation Four months after inoculation conidia from the spots were reisolated onto PDA and grew into typical colonies of E pyri

scholarly journals Culture and physiological variability in Rhizoctonia solani, responsible for foliar and lesions on aerial part of soybean

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Lalan Sharma ◽  
Sanjay Goswami ◽  
D. T. Nagrale
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Foliar Blight ◽  
Physiological Variability

Foliar blight of soybean is one of the major fungal diseases. Rhizoctonia solani isolated from soybean growing in tarai regions of Uttarakhand. Six isolates of R. solani has been characterized on the basis of cultural and physiological nature such as colony diameter, growth, colour and sclerotia formation were recorded. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was found best for growth and development. Two isolates (Lakhimpur and Pantnagar) covered the whole plates (90 mm) in 48 hrs. However, maximum number of sclerotia and weight was recorded on Czapek Dox agar medium. Overall radial growth supporting is recorded Corn Meal Agar Medium. Varied range of temperatures i.e. 10, 15, 25, 30, 35 and 400C was tested and found better growth of different isolates of R. solani at 10 - 400C, with an optimum growth temperature at 300C. Isolates were grown on five broth media (Asthana & Hawkers, Potato Dextrose Agar, Czapek’s Dox Agar, Corn Meal Agar and Richards Agar) for fresh, dry weight and oat meal broth culture filtrates of all isolates was used in phytotoxic effects. It recorded that maximum fresh and dry weight was observed on corn meal agar medium. The maximum reduction in radical and plumule length of germinating seeds were recorded in Haldichaur isolate.

scholarly journals A simple method for conidial production and for inoculating apples with Neofabraea alba

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 328-328
Author(s):  
I.P.S. Pushparajah ◽  
B.M. Fisher ◽  
P.N. Wood ◽  
K.R. Everett
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
Wetness Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Published Research

Current methods for producing conidia of Neofabraea alba the fungal cause of Bulls eye rot of apple are laborious and timeconsuming A minimum of 6 weeks is required Mycelial cultures of N alba did not produce conidia on commonly used potato dextrose agar and therefore several other media were tested Growth on corn meal agar resulted in a high conidial yield (ca 106 conidia/ml) after 57 days growth Published research reports a method to inoculate apples with this pathogen without wounding but it requires specialised equipment A simple method that does not require specialised equipment was developed to inoculate apple fruit with the Bulls eye rot pathogen without wounding Conidia were placed on water agar and apple fruit were placed on these spores for at least 5 days for establishment of infections Reliable infection of 7080 of apples required a 14day wetness period after the fruit were placed on the conidial solution This woundfree N alba inoculation method provides the basis for further research to examine the effect of various treatments designed to reduce the impact of this pathogen in apple orchards

scholarly journals A simple method for conidial production and establishing latent infections of apples by Phlyctema vagabunda (syn: Neofabraea alba)

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 106-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Everett ◽  
I.P.S. Pushparajah ◽  
B.M. Fisher ◽  
P.N. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Epidemiology Studies ◽  
Bull's Eye ◽  
Postharvest Control

A method was developed to inoculate and establish infection of detached apple fruit with the bull’s eye rot pathogen, Phlyctema vagabunda (syn: Neofabraea alba), without wounding. Mycelial cultures of P. vagabunda did not produce conidia on commonly used potato dextrose agar, or several other tested media. Growth on corn meal agar resulted in the highest conidial yield, and maximum production was achieved after 5 days. These conidia were placed on water agar, and apple fruit were placed on these spores for at least 5 days for establishment of infections. Reliable infection of 66—100% of apples required 14 days of contact. The ability to rapidly produce copious quantities of conidia and inoculate without wounding facilitates a number of other postharvest control and epidemiology studies.

Effect of different nutrient media on radial growth of Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. infecting different Brassica host crops

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Pratap Singh ◽  
R. U. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Alternaria Brassicae ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Marked Variation ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
The World

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. is the most common and destructive pathogen of a number of Brassica crops belong to family Brassicaceae. It has been reported from all the continent of the world and causes considerable losses in terms of quality and quantity of crop produce. The present investigation was undertaken in vitro, to know the effect of different nutrient media viz., Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), V-8 Juice Agar (V8JA), Richard’s Agar (RA), Czapeck’s Dox Agar (CDA) and Corn Meal Agar (CMA) on the growth of A. brassicae isolates collected from the different Brassica host crops i.e. Mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage and Radish. These isolates were designated on the basis of their hosts as Acae M, Acae Cf, Acae Ca and Acae R, respectively. Radial growth of all isolates was observed after seven days of incubation. The result showed a marked variation in radial growth of A. brassicae isolates. However, maximum growths of all isolates were recorded in V-8 Juice Agar (V8JA) followed by Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while the minimum growth of pathogen was observed in Corn Meal Agar (CMA).

scholarly journals SEM and PCR study of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the Australian terrestrial orchid: Prasophyllum

Lankesteriana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily McQualter ◽  
Rob Cross ◽  
Cassandra McLean ◽  
Pauline Ladiges
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Terrestrial Orchid ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Terrestrial Orchids

Most members of the genus Prasophyllum (Leek Orchids) are threatened and restricted in distribution in Australia. Prasophyllum species are obligate mycotrophic plants and current conservation proto- cols for terrestrial orchids in Australia require propa- gation with symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. Unfortunately there is a paucity of knowledge regard- ing the mycosymbiont in this genus, hampering con- servation and re-introduction efforts.

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Native Terrestrial Orchids from Region of La Araucanía, Southern Chile

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Hector Herrera ◽  
Tedy Sanhueza ◽  
Rodolfo Martiarena ◽  
Rafael Valadares ◽  
Alejandra Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Terrestrial Orchids ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Mycorrhizal Interactions

Mycorrhizal interactions of orchids are influenced by several environmental conditions. Hence, knowledge of mycorrhizal fungi associated with orchids inhabiting different ecosystems is essential to designing recovery strategies for threatened species. This study analyzes the mycorrhizal associations of terrestrial orchids colonizing grassland and understory in native ecosystems of the region of La Araucanía in southern Chile. Mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from peloton-containing roots and identified based on the sequence of the ITS region. Their capacities for seed germination were also investigated. We detected Tulasnella spp. and Ceratobasidium spp. in the pelotons of the analyzed orchids. Additionally, we showed that some Ceratobasidium isolates effectively induce seed germination to differing degrees, unlike Tulasnella spp., which, in most cases, fail to achieve protocorm growth. This process may underline a critical step in the life cycle of Tulasnella-associated orchids, whereas the Ceratobasidium-associated orchids were less specific for fungi and were effectively germinated with mycorrhizal fungi isolated from adult roots.

Scientific approaches to Australian temperate terrestrial orchid conservation

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Brundrett
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Terrestrial Orchids ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Orchid Seed ◽  
Declining Populations ◽  
Feral Animals ◽  
Sexually Deceptive Orchids

This review summarises scientific knowledge concerning the mycorrhizal associations, pollination, demographics, genetics and evolution of Australian terrestrial orchids relevant to conservation. The orchid family is highly diverse in Western Australia (WA), with over 400 recognised taxa of which 76 are Declared Rare or Priority Flora. Major threats to rare orchids in WA include habitat loss, salinity, feral animals and drought. These threats require science-based recovery actions resulting from collaborations between universities, government agencies and community groups. Fungal identification by DNA-based methods in combination with compatibility testing by germination assays has revealed a complex picture of orchid–fungus diversity and specificity. The majority of rare and common WA orchids studied have highly specific mycorrhizal associations with fungi in the Rhizoctonia alliance, but some associate with a wider diversity of fungi. These fungi may be a key factor influencing the distribution of orchids and their presence can be tested by orchid seed bait bioassays. These bioassays show that mycorrhizal fungi are concentrated in coarse organic matter that may be depleted in some habitats (e.g. by frequent fire). Mycorrhizal fungi also allow efficient propagation of terrestrial orchids for reintroduction into natural habitats and for bioassays to test habitat quality. Four categories of WA orchids are defined by the following pollination strategies: (i) nectar-producing flowers with diverse pollinators, (ii) non-rewarding flowers that mimic other plants, (iii) winter-flowering orchids that attract fungus-feeding insects and (iv) sexually deceptive orchids with relatively specific pollinators. An exceptionally high proportion of WA orchids have specific insect pollinators. Bioassays testing orchid-pollinator specificity can define habitats and separate closely related species. Other research has revealed the chemical basis for insect attraction to orchids and the ecological consequences of deceptive pollination. Genetic studies have revealed that the structure of orchid populations is influenced by pollination, seed dispersal, reproductive isolation and hybridisation. Long-term demographic studies determine the viability of orchid populations, estimate rates of transition between seedling, flowering, non-flowering and dormant states and reveal factors, such as grazing and competition, that result in declining populations. It is difficult to define potential new habitats for rare orchids because of their specific relationships with fungi and insects. An understanding of all three dimensions of orchid habitat requirements can be provided by bioassays with seed baits for fungi, flowers for insects and transplanted seedlings for orchid demography. The majority of both rare and common WA orchids have highly specific associations with pollinating insects and mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that evolution has favoured increasing specificity in these relationships in the ancient landscapes of WA.

DURANDIELLA PSEUDOTSUGAE N. SP.; TAXONOMY, CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, LIFE HISTORY, AND HOST RESPONSE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Funk
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
A New Species

The perfect state of Chondropodium pseudotsugae White is shown to be a new species of Durandiella, for which the name D. pseudotsugae is proposed. Maximum growth in culture is obtained on corn meal agar at 15 °C. Apothecia are produced in the spring; the ascospores are forcibly discharged; pycnidia persist throughout the summer and discharge spores only when moistened. The host response of Douglas fir is the production of a "button" of persistent secondary periderm beneath the infected area.

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