Delineation of the three brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.) on the basis of quantitative characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2042-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
GCM van Leeuwen ◽  
H A van Kesteren
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Tube Distance

The three Monilinia spp., known as the brown rot fungi of fruit crops, are usually distinguished from each other on the basis of (qualitative) colony characteristics. We linked these qualitative features to unambiguously defined, quantitative colony and germ tube characteristics. A wide collection of isolates of Monilinia fructicola (Winter) Honey, Monilinia laxa (Aderhold & Ruhland) Honey, and Monilinia fructigena (Aderhold & Ruhland) Honey was used to determine growth rate and sporulation intensity on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 22°C under two light regimes (darkness, 12 h light : 12 h dark). The following germ tube characteristics were determined on water agar after incubation for 18 h at 22°C in darkness: length of the (leading) germ tube, distance to the first branch, and the number of germ tubes per conidium. Increase in colony diameter from day 3 to day 5 and sporulation intensity measured after 14 days was the highest in M. fructicola, whilst M. laxa and M. fructigena showed considerable overlap in these features. The length of the germ tube after 18 h incubation was shortest in M. laxa, ranging from 161 to 466 µm. In M. fructicola and M. fructigena these ranges were 465-851 and 307-806 µm, respectively. The occurrence of more than one germ tube per conidium was most prominent in M. fructigena. Discriminant analysis on the basis of different combinations of the quantitative characteristics measured, showed that the combination of growth rate on PDA and length of the germ tube was sufficient to delineate the three brown rot fungi. One of 11 M. fructicola isolates was misclassified, the same held for M. fructigena (one misclassification of nine isolates). No misclassifications occurred in M. laxa.Key words: brown rot fungi, growth characteristics, Monilinia spp., taxonomy.

scholarly journals Disease warning models for brown rot fungi of fruit crops

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Decision Support Models ◽  
Warning Model

In this review, disease warning models for brown rot fungi, including Monilinia fructigena, M. laxa and M. fructicola, were summarized. Few studies have been made to relate epidemiology and disease warning in brown rot infection caused by M. fructicola and M. laxa in order to predict infections or develop decision support models for fungicide applications during the growing season. More recently a disease warning model and a decision support system were also performed for M. fructigena for organic apple orchards. This review gives an overview on some details of the above disease warning models and decision support system.

scholarly journals The brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.): III. Important features of disease management (Review paper)

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Monilia Polystroma ◽  
Rot Disease

In the third part of this review, important features of disease management are summarised for brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia fructigena, Monilinia laxa, Monilinia fructicola and Monilia polystroma). Several methods of brown rot disease management practices were collected and interpreted in five main chapters. In these chapters, details are given about the legislative control measures, the cultural, physical, biological and chemical control methods. Chemical control is divided into two parts: pre-harvest and post-harvest chemical control. In addition, host resistance and fungicide resistance statuses are also included in this part of the review. Finally, future aspects of brown rot disease control are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of acidity on growth rate and stroma formation of Monilia fructigena and M. polystroma isolates

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Apple Fruits

The effect of acidity (pH) ranges on the mycelial growth and stroma formation of Monilia fructigena Pers: Fr. and of M. polystroma van Leeuwen was determined on agar plates and apple fruits. Four isolates of each of the brown rot fungi and two apple cultivars, `James Grieve' and 'Cox's Orange Pippin', were used for the study. For the agar plate study, a range of the initial pH was prepared from 2.5 to 6.5. The dishes were inoculated with a 4 mm plug of each isolate and incubated at 23 °C in darkness. The mycelial growth was measured after 1.5, 4, 7, 10 and 20 days of incubation. After a 30-day incubation, stroma formation was determined by image analysis and weighing of mature stroma. In the fruit experiment, both cultivars were inoculated with one isolate of M. fructigena and of M. polystroma. The pH changes were determined after 7, 14, 28 and 35 days of incubation in both healthy and inoculated fruits. The fastest mycelial growth was at pH 4.5 for M. polystroma and at pH 3.5 for M. fructigena. After a 30-day incubation, M. polystroma isolates produced twice or three times more stroma compared to M. fructigena isolates. For both brown rot fungi, the amount of mature stroma increased from pH 3.5 to 5.5, and then decreased at pH 6.5. Results of the.fruit experiment showed that healthy fruits were quite acidic (pH < 3.5), but pH rapidly increased in the inoculated fruits for both cultivars, reaching pH 4.6-5.4 depending on cultivar and fungus isolate. On both cultivars, the stroma developed at a significantly higher pH for M. polystroma than for M. fructigena. Biological and practical implications of the results are discussed.

The effect of CaCl2 on growth rate, wood decay and oxalic acid accumulation in Serpula lacrymans and related brown-rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Christine Steenkjær Hastrup ◽  
Bo Jensen ◽  
Carol Clausen ◽  
Frederick Green III
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Block Test

AbstractThe dry rot fungus,Serpula lacrymans, is one of the most destructive copper-tolerant fungi causing timber decay in buildings in temperate regions. Calcium and oxalic acid have been shown to play important roles in the mechanism of wood decay. The effect of calcium on growth and decay was evaluated for 12 strains ofS. lacrymansand compared to five brown-rot fungi. This was done by treating copper citrate (CC)-treated Southern yellow pine (SYP) wood with a CaCl2solution and estimating the decay rate and amount of soluble oxalic acid in an ASTM soil block test. Decay byS. lacrymanswas found to be significantly inhibited by treatment with CaCl2in the presence of copper. In addition, calcium showed no effect on two strains ofS. lacrymansand oneSerpula himantioidesstrain in non-copper-treated SYP wood blocks. The growth rate ofS. lacrymanswas not affected on malt extract agar containing CaCl2. In summary, a marked decrease was observed in the decay capacity ofS. lacrymansin pine treated with CC+CaCl2. The amount of soluble oxalic acid was measured in CC-treated blocks and blocks also treated with CaCl2. Of the comparative brown-rot fungi, bothAntrodia vaillantii(TFFH 294) andPostia placenta(Mad 698) displayed notable wood decay despite CaCl2treatment, while the remaining strains were inhibited.

scholarly journals The brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.): I. Important features of their biology (Review paper)

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

The brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.): Important features of their biology (Review paper)

scholarly journals A real-time (TaqMan) PCR assay to differentiate Monilinia fructicola from other brown rot fungi of fruit crops

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Van Brouwershaven ◽  
M. L. Bruil ◽  
G. C. M. Van Leeuwen ◽  
L. F. F. Kox
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Taqman Pcr

Nuclear condition, types of hyphal development from differentiating, and nondifferentiating uredosporelings, and effect of 3,3′-bis-indolylmethane on Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in vitro

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 736-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Grambow ◽  
Dietmar Müller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Unknown Factor ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Germ Tube Growth ◽  
Nuclear Condition

In vitro Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, race 32, produced dikaryotic hyphae from infection structures, corresponding to appressoria and substomatal vesicles (differentiated), which are formed by germ tubes as a response to a heat shock within 24 h after seeding the spores. Dikaryotic hyphae also formed spontaneously from nondifferentiated senescing germ tubes 3–4 days after seeding the spores. The hyphae which originated from the different structures did not appear to be different with regard to nuclear condition, morphological appearance, and fluorescence properties as a consequence of Feulgen staining. 3,3′-Bis-indolylmethane (BIM) increased the hyphal growth rate in contrast with the germ tube growth rate. It also supported the transition from germ tube growth to hyphal growth. The possible mode of action of BIM and the involvement of an unknown factor which represses hyphal growth are discussed.

scholarly journals Lignocellulosic Waste Pretreatment Solely via Biocatalysis as a Partial Simultaneous Lignino-Holocellulolysis Process

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Justine Oma Angadam ◽  
Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe ◽  
Boredi Silas Chidi ◽  
Jun Wei Lim ◽  
Vincent Ifeanyi Okudoh
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Plant Exudates ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Approach

Human endeavors generate a significant quantity of bio-waste, even lignocellulosic waste, due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, and can cause pollution to aquatic ecosystems, and contribute to detrimental animal and human health because of the toxicity of consequent hydrolysis products. This paper contributes to a new understanding of the lignocellulosic waste bio-pretreatment process from a literature review, which can provide better biorefinery operational outcomes. The simultaneous partial biological lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose lysis, i.e., simultaneous semi-lignino-holocellulolysis, is aimed at suggesting that when ligninolysis ensues, holocellulolysis is simultaneously performed for milled lignocellulosic waste instead of having a sequential process of initial ligninolysis and subsequent holocellulolysis as is currently the norm. It is presumed that such a process can be solely performed by digestive enzyme cocktails from the monkey cups of species such as Nepenthes, white and brown rot fungi, and some plant exudates. From the literature review, it was evident that the pretreatment of milled lignocellulosic waste is largely incomplete, and ligninolysis including holocellulolysis ensues simultaneously when the waste is milled. It is further proposed that lignocellulosic waste pretreatment can be facilitated using an environmentally friendly approach solely using biological means. For such a process to be understood and applied on an industrial scale, an interdisciplinary approach using process engineering and microbiology techniques is required.

Unraveling the natural durability of wood: revealing the impact of decay-influencing characteristics other than fungicidal components

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte De Ligne ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Jan M. Baetens ◽  
Bernard De Baets ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Block Test ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of fungicidal components in wood has been known for ages, yet there is no method to assess the impact of such components on the durability of a wood species, as compared to other material characteristics that influence decay. In this paper, the importance of fungicidal effects on the natural durability of 10 wood species is assessed in relation to other decay-influencing factors with a new test, the so-called ‘paste test’. By comparing results from this test with the ‘mini-block test’, on both heartwood and leached sapwood, insight is gained into the significance of fungicidal components on the one hand and other material characteristics on the other hand. The durability of species such as Prunus avium was attributed mainly to fungicidal components. For species such as Pterocarpus soyauxii, durability seemed to be an effect of both fungicidal components and moisture-regulating components, while the latter seemed to be of main importance in regulating the decay of Aucoumea klaineana and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Wood-anatomical features, such as the parenchyma content (in case of brown rot fungi) and the vessel-fiber ratio, possibly affect degradation as well. This work shows that fungicidal components are not always of major importance for the durability of a wood species. The authors hereby emphasize the importance of moisture-regulating components and wood anatomy on the durability of wood.

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