Lignocellulosic Waste Pretreatment Solely via Biocatalysis as a Partial Simultaneous Lignino-Holocellulolysis Process

Human endeavors generate a significant quantity of bio-waste, even lignocellulosic waste, due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, and can cause pollution to aquatic ecosystems, and contribute to detrimental animal and human health because of the toxicity of consequent hydrolysis products. This paper contributes to a new understanding of the lignocellulosic waste bio-pretreatment process from a literature review, which can provide better biorefinery operational outcomes. The simultaneous partial biological lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose lysis, i.e., simultaneous semi-lignino-holocellulolysis, is aimed at suggesting that when ligninolysis ensues, holocellulolysis is simultaneously performed for milled lignocellulosic waste instead of having a sequential process of initial ligninolysis and subsequent holocellulolysis as is currently the norm. It is presumed that such a process can be solely performed by digestive enzyme cocktails from the monkey cups of species such as Nepenthes, white and brown rot fungi, and some plant exudates. From the literature review, it was evident that the pretreatment of milled lignocellulosic waste is largely incomplete, and ligninolysis including holocellulolysis ensues simultaneously when the waste is milled. It is further proposed that lignocellulosic waste pretreatment can be facilitated using an environmentally friendly approach solely using biological means. For such a process to be understood and applied on an industrial scale, an interdisciplinary approach using process engineering and microbiology techniques is required.

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Unraveling the natural durability of wood: revealing the impact of decay-influencing characteristics other than fungicidal components

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2020-0109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Liselotte De Ligne ◽

Jan Van den Bulcke ◽

Jan M. Baetens ◽

Bernard De Baets ◽

Gang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wood Species ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Natural Durability ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Material Characteristics ◽

The One ◽

Block Test ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe effect of fungicidal components in wood has been known for ages, yet there is no method to assess the impact of such components on the durability of a wood species, as compared to other material characteristics that influence decay. In this paper, the importance of fungicidal effects on the natural durability of 10 wood species is assessed in relation to other decay-influencing factors with a new test, the so-called ‘paste test’. By comparing results from this test with the ‘mini-block test’, on both heartwood and leached sapwood, insight is gained into the significance of fungicidal components on the one hand and other material characteristics on the other hand. The durability of species such as Prunus avium was attributed mainly to fungicidal components. For species such as Pterocarpus soyauxii, durability seemed to be an effect of both fungicidal components and moisture-regulating components, while the latter seemed to be of main importance in regulating the decay of Aucoumea klaineana and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Wood-anatomical features, such as the parenchyma content (in case of brown rot fungi) and the vessel-fiber ratio, possibly affect degradation as well. This work shows that fungicidal components are not always of major importance for the durability of a wood species. The authors hereby emphasize the importance of moisture-regulating components and wood anatomy on the durability of wood.

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A Comparison between the Cellulolytic Activity of White and Brown Rot Fungi. I. The Activity on Insoluble Cellulose

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1111/j.1399-3054.1966.tb07056.x ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 709-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Martin Johansson

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Cellulolytic Activity ◽

Brown Rot Fungi

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Mineralization of the methoxyl carbon of isolated lignin by brown-rot fungi under solid substrate conditions

Wood Science and Technology ◽

10.1007/bf01153559 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 263-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

L. Jin ◽

D. D. Nicholas ◽

T. K. Kirk

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Solid Substrate ◽

Brown Rot Fungi

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Linking Genes to Traits in Fungi

Microbial Ecology ◽

10.1007/s00248-021-01687-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. L. Romero-Olivares ◽

E. W. Morrison ◽

A. Pringle ◽

S. D. Frey

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Organic Matter Decomposition ◽

Gene Frequencies ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Linked Gene ◽

Carbon Cycles ◽

Brown Rot Fungi

AbstractFungi are mediators of the nitrogen and carbon cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Examining how nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition potential differs in fungi can provide insight into the underlying mechanisms driving fungal ecological processes and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we assessed the frequency of genes encoding for specific enzymes that facilitate nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition in 879 fungal genomes with fungal taxa grouped into trait-based categories. Our linked gene-trait data approach revealed that gene frequencies vary across and within trait-based groups and that trait-based categories differ in trait space. We present two examples of how this linked gene-trait approach can be used to address ecological questions. First, we show that this type of approach can help us better understand, and potentially predict, how fungi will respond to environmental stress. Specifically, we found that trait-based categories with high nitrogen uptake gene frequency increased in relative abundance when exposed to high soil nitrogen enrichment. Second, by comparing frequencies of nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition genes, we found that most ectomycorrhizal fungi in our dataset have similar gene frequencies to brown rot fungi. This demonstrates that gene-trait data approaches can shed light on potential evolutionary trajectories of life history traits in fungi. We present a framework for exploring nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition gene frequencies in fungal trait-based groups and provide two concise examples on how to use our framework to address ecological questions from a mechanistic perspective.

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Bioremediation of DDT contaminated soil using brown-rot fungi

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation ◽

10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.04.004 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

pp. 691-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Adi Setyo Purnomo ◽

Toshio Mori ◽

Kazuhiro Takagi ◽

Ryuichiro Kondo

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soil ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Brown Rot Fungi

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Condensed conifer tannins as antifungal agents in liquid culture

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2012-0154 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (7) ◽

pp. 825-832 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Anna-Kaisa Anttila ◽

Anna Maria Pirttilä ◽

Hely Häggman ◽

Anni Harju ◽

Martti Venäläinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Wood Preservative ◽

Soft Rot ◽

White Rot ◽

Wood Preservatives ◽

Active Components ◽

Brown Rot Fungi

Abstract In the last decades, many wood preservatives have been prohibited for their ecotoxicity. The present article is focusing on the conifer-derived condensed tannins as environment-friendly options for the substitution of artificial wood preservatives. Eight different tannin fractions were extracted from spruce cones, spruce barks, and pine cones. The parameters of tannin extraction, such as the methods of purification and concentration of active components in the extracts, have been investigated. The cone and bark extracts were tested for the growth inhibition of eight brown-rot fungi, three white-rot fungi, and four soft-rot fungi in liquid cultures. The cone tannins provided a more efficient fungal growth inhibition than bark tannins. Purification increased the antifungal properties of the extracts. The growth of brown-rot fungi was inhibited by the tannins already at low concentrations. However, the extracts were not effective against the white-rot or soft-rot fungi. More investigation is needed concerning the tannin source and the purification procedure of the extracts before tannins can be considered as an ecologically benign wood preservative.

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Three Brown-Rot Fungi in the Corticiaceae

Mycologia ◽

10.1080/00275514.1982.12021555 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 599-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. K. Nakasone ◽

R. L. Gilbertson

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Brown Rot Fungi

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Effect of Concrete on the pH and Susceptibility of Treated Pine to Decay by Brown-Rot Fungi

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11010041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Darrel Nicholas ◽

Amy Rowlen ◽

David Milsted

Keyword(s):

Treated Wood ◽

Untreated Wood ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Consistent Difference ◽

Ground Contact ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Organic Systems ◽

Decay Tests ◽

Copper Azole

Treated wood timbers employed in ground contact are often installed with a cement collar to firmly fix the structural wood post in place. Few prior studies have determined the effect of concrete on decay efficacy on treated wood, however. Treated wood nominal 4 × 4 posts were installed at four locations, with the upper ground-contact portion of each post encased in concrete, and the samples removed at various times for pH measurements. The wood alkalinity quickly increased at all four sites for the portion of the treated wood in concrete contact compared to the wood in ground contact without concrete. In laboratory decay tests employing three decay fungi, untreated wood which was first exposed or unexposed to concrete had no consistent difference in decay susceptibility. For wood treated with three different commercial copper/organic systems, cement exposure had no effect on wood treated with an amine copper azole system, while treatment with amine copper quat showed a statistically significant fungal efficacy enhancement for cement-exposed samples with both copper-tolerant fungi. Conversely, with a micronized copper azole preservative, cement exposure resulted in reduced fungal efficacy compared to treated samples which were not cement-exposed for all three decay fungi.

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