scholarly journals The brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.): III. Important features of disease management (Review paper)

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Monilia Polystroma ◽  
Rot Disease

In the third part of this review, important features of disease management are summarised for brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia fructigena, Monilinia laxa, Monilinia fructicola and Monilia polystroma). Several methods of brown rot disease management practices were collected and interpreted in five main chapters. In these chapters, details are given about the legislative control measures, the cultural, physical, biological and chemical control methods. Chemical control is divided into two parts: pre-harvest and post-harvest chemical control. In addition, host resistance and fungicide resistance statuses are also included in this part of the review. Finally, future aspects of brown rot disease control are discussed.

scholarly journals Disease warning models for brown rot fungi of fruit crops

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Decision Support Models ◽  
Warning Model

In this review, disease warning models for brown rot fungi, including Monilinia fructigena, M. laxa and M. fructicola, were summarized. Few studies have been made to relate epidemiology and disease warning in brown rot infection caused by M. fructicola and M. laxa in order to predict infections or develop decision support models for fungicide applications during the growing season. More recently a disease warning model and a decision support system were also performed for M. fructigena for organic apple orchards. This review gives an overview on some details of the above disease warning models and decision support system.

Delineation of the three brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.) on the basis of quantitative characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2042-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
GCM van Leeuwen ◽  
H A van Kesteren
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Tube Distance

The three Monilinia spp., known as the brown rot fungi of fruit crops, are usually distinguished from each other on the basis of (qualitative) colony characteristics. We linked these qualitative features to unambiguously defined, quantitative colony and germ tube characteristics. A wide collection of isolates of Monilinia fructicola (Winter) Honey, Monilinia laxa (Aderhold & Ruhland) Honey, and Monilinia fructigena (Aderhold & Ruhland) Honey was used to determine growth rate and sporulation intensity on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 22°C under two light regimes (darkness, 12 h light : 12 h dark). The following germ tube characteristics were determined on water agar after incubation for 18 h at 22°C in darkness: length of the (leading) germ tube, distance to the first branch, and the number of germ tubes per conidium. Increase in colony diameter from day 3 to day 5 and sporulation intensity measured after 14 days was the highest in M. fructicola, whilst M. laxa and M. fructigena showed considerable overlap in these features. The length of the germ tube after 18 h incubation was shortest in M. laxa, ranging from 161 to 466 µm. In M. fructicola and M. fructigena these ranges were 465-851 and 307-806 µm, respectively. The occurrence of more than one germ tube per conidium was most prominent in M. fructigena. Discriminant analysis on the basis of different combinations of the quantitative characteristics measured, showed that the combination of growth rate on PDA and length of the germ tube was sufficient to delineate the three brown rot fungi. One of 11 M. fructicola isolates was misclassified, the same held for M. fructigena (one misclassification of nine isolates). No misclassifications occurred in M. laxa.Key words: brown rot fungi, growth characteristics, Monilinia spp., taxonomy.

scholarly journals Impact of Weather on Sigatoka Leaf Spot of Banana (Musa spp. L.) and its Ecofriendly Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
M A H Khan ◽  
I Hossain ◽  
M U Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Environment Friendly

A study was carried out during July 2010 to April 2012 to understand the effect of weather prevalence on sigatoka disease of banana suckers in different areas of Bangladesh and to develop an environment friendly disease management practice.  Four locations viz. Dinajpur, Bogra, Rangpur and Madhupur were surveyed. To find out suitable and ecofriendly management practices for  controlling sigatoka disease of banana, seven  treatments were used viz. i) Soil drenching with BAU- Biofungicide (2%), ii) BAU-Biofungicide as foliar spray (2%), iii) Soil drenching with BAU-Biofungicide (2%) plus foliar spray (2%), iv) Bavistin (carbendazim) spray (0.2%), v) Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) spray (0.2%), vi) Soil drenching with BAU-Biofungicide (2%) plus Bavistin spray (0.2%); and vii) control. The average highest incidence (26.42%) and severity (22.84%) of sigatoka disease of banana suckers were recorded during October at Bogra, while the lowest incidence (9.75 %) and severity (8.51%) were recorded during January at Dinajpur. Out of the control measures employed, BAU-Biofungicide (2%) either alone or in combination with Bavistin (0.2%) was found as an excellent biocontrol means for controlling sigatoka disease of banana suckers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i2.26587The Agriculturists 2015; 13(2) 44-53

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Monilinia fructigena as causal agent of brown rot on quince

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Hrustic ◽  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Milica Mihajlovic ◽  
Goran Delibasic ◽  
Mirko Ivanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Intensive Control ◽  
Apple Fruits

Species of the genus Monilinia are important causal agents of fruit rot on pome and stone fruits in Serbia. The pathogen is very harmful, especially on small properties and cottage plantations where intensive control measures are not applied. Quince is important host for the pathogens of this genus. During spring 2010, intensive occurrence of mummified fruits overwintering on branches of the quince was observed. The pathogen was isolated using standard phytopathological methods. Pathogenicity of eight obtained isolates was tested by artificial inoculation of injured apple fruits. Identification was performed according to pathogenic, morphological and ecological properties, and was confirmed by Multiplex polimeraze chain reaction, PCR. All the isolates studied caused brown rot on inoculated apple fruits. The isolates form light yellow colonies with lobate margins, with single-celled, transparent, elliptical or oval conidia in chains, regardless temperature or light presence. Sclerotia are observed in 14 days old cultures. The highest growth rate of most of the isolates is at 27?C and in dark. Based on studied pathogenic, morphological and ecological characteristics, it was found that the Monilinia fructigena is causal agent of brown rot of quince. Using specific primers (MO368-5, MO368-8R, MO368-10R, Laxa-R2) for detection of Monilinia species in Multiplex PCR reaction, the expected fragment 402 bp in size was amplified, which confirmed that the studied isolates belonged to the species M. fructigena.

scholarly journals Mechanical and physical control in apple orchards as preventative fungal disease management

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Physical Control ◽  
Labour Costs

In this minreview, mechanical and physical control against apple fungal diseases among non-chemical control approaches were summarized. This overview listed five groups of mechanical and physical control methods:  pruning, removal of inoculum sources, shredding of leaf litter, burying of inoculum sources and flaming of leaf litter. These methods were shown to reduce succesfully infection potential of inoculum sources in orchards and these non-chemical control measures are one of the most essential approaches for preventative fungal disease management. However, most of these methods are not widely spread in the apple-growing practice due to relatively low control efficacy, medium to high labour costs and/or time limits during the season.

scholarly journals The brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.): II. Important features of their epidemiology (Review paper)

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Monilia Polystroma

Plant disease epidemiology provides the key to both a better understanding of the nature of a disease and the most effective approach to disease control. Brown rot fungi (Monilinia spp.) cause mainly fruit rot, blossom blight and stem canker which results in considerable yield losses both in the field and in the storage place. In order to provide a better disease control strategy, all aspects of brown rot fungi epidemiology are discribed and discussed in the second part of this review. The general disease cycle of Monilinia fructigena„M. laxa, M. fructicola and Monilia polystroma is described. After such environmental and biological factors are presented which influence the development of hyphae, mycelium, conidia, stroma and apothecial formation. Factors affecting the ability of brown rot fungi to survive are also demonstrated. Then spatio-temporal dynamics of brown rot fungi are discussed. In the last two parts, the epidemiology of brown rot fungi was related to disease warning models and some aspects of disease management.

Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
New Work ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Management Personnel ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
And Control

Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia is the new standard reference in applied plant pathology in Australia covering important diseases affecting the broad range of fruit and nut crops grown throughout Australia. It is an essential tool for growers, horticulturists, crop consultants, research scientists, plant pathologists, quarantine officers, agribusiness representatives, pest management personnel, educators and students. The book is generously illustrated with high quality colour images to help diagnose diseases and explains how to identify and manage each disease, describing the symptoms of the disease, its importance, the source of infection and spread and control measures. Based on the highly regarded 1993 edition of Diseases of Fruit Crops, this new work updates management practices that have evolved since then. Importantly, it contains the latest information on diseases that have recently emerged in Australia as well as exotic diseases that are biosecurity threats to Australian fruit and nut production.

scholarly journals Landscape Maintenance Firms: II. Pest Management Practices

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
M.P. Garber ◽  
K. Bondari
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Plant Selection ◽  
Final Size ◽  
University Personnel ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Pesticide Usage

Abstract Landscape maintenance firms in Georgia were surveyed to obtain information regarding pesticide usage and factors that would facilitate adoption of non-chemical pest control measures. The trend in pest control from 1988 to 1993 was toward greater usage of non-chemical control measures. The usage trend for chemicals during that period was an increase for fungicides/bactericides and herbicides and a decrease for insecticides, with growth regulator use remaining steady. Over half (55%) of the pesticides were used for turf management. All firms expect to use about the same amount of pesticides over the next 5 years while increasing the use of non-chemical control measures. Opportunities were identified for landscape architects and university personnel to help landscape maintenance firms reduce the need for pesticides. The two most frequently identified opportunities for university personnel were to sponsor local workshops with specific training for workers on integrated pest management (IPM) practices (35.6%) and seasonal or regular newsletters with IPM reminders (30.0%). The most frequently identified opportunities available to the landscape architects to help reduce pesticide use included: (1) improved plant selection, particularly pest resistant varieties (51.8%), (2) proper site selection/location of plants (14.8%), and (3) more spacing between plants and consideration of final size (13.7%).

scholarly journals Population Structure of Brown Rot Fungi on Stone Fruits in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1284-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-qiong Zhu ◽  
Xiao-yu Chen ◽  
Li-yun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Monilia Polystroma

In total, 455 Monilinia isolates from stone fruits collected from several provinces (cities) in China from 2003 to 2009 were identified to species based on morphological characteristics, molecular identification, and the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene of the ribosomal RNA. Overall, four species were detected (Monilinia fructicola, M. fructigena, M. laxa, and Monilia polystroma). M. fructicola was the most prevalent (93.0%) followed by M. fructigena (4.8%), M. laxa (2.0%), and Monilia polystroma (0.2%). M. fructicola and M. fructigena were found on peach, plum, and apricot; M. laxa was found only on apricot, cherry (in an organic orchard), and wild peach; and Monilia polystroma was found only on plum in Heilongjiang. The pathogenicity of Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena did not significantly differ on wounded nectarine and apricot, indicating that the differences in frequency of occurrence were not linked to virulence. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences showed that the isolates of M. laxa and M. fructigena from China differed from isolates of these species from other countries, and that the difference led to the separation of the isolates from China and those from other countries into different phylogenetic groups. Further study is needed to determine whether they are cryptic species.

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