Unraveling the natural durability of wood: revealing the impact of decay-influencing characteristics other than fungicidal components

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte De Ligne ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Jan M. Baetens ◽  
Bernard De Baets ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Block Test ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of fungicidal components in wood has been known for ages, yet there is no method to assess the impact of such components on the durability of a wood species, as compared to other material characteristics that influence decay. In this paper, the importance of fungicidal effects on the natural durability of 10 wood species is assessed in relation to other decay-influencing factors with a new test, the so-called ‘paste test’. By comparing results from this test with the ‘mini-block test’, on both heartwood and leached sapwood, insight is gained into the significance of fungicidal components on the one hand and other material characteristics on the other hand. The durability of species such as Prunus avium was attributed mainly to fungicidal components. For species such as Pterocarpus soyauxii, durability seemed to be an effect of both fungicidal components and moisture-regulating components, while the latter seemed to be of main importance in regulating the decay of Aucoumea klaineana and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Wood-anatomical features, such as the parenchyma content (in case of brown rot fungi) and the vessel-fiber ratio, possibly affect degradation as well. This work shows that fungicidal components are not always of major importance for the durability of a wood species. The authors hereby emphasize the importance of moisture-regulating components and wood anatomy on the durability of wood.

A study of natural durability of selected coniferous wood species from north Asia affected by the fungus Coniophora puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst.

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Boguslaw Andres ◽  
Agnieszka Jankowska ◽  
Grzegorz Duchnik
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Larix Sibirica ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Pinus Sibirica ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
North Asia ◽  
Coniferous Wood ◽  
Pinus Sibirica Du Tour

The aim of prestened study was to determine the natural durability of selected coniferous wood species from Asia to the effect of Coniophora puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst., which causes brown rot. The species tested were: Larix gmellini (Rupr.) Kuzen., Larix sibirica Ledeb. and Pinus sibirica Du Tour.. The test was conducted on the basis of PN-EN 350:2016-10 and PN-EN 113:2000. As a result of the research durability classes were determined. Wood durability of tested Asian species was compared with the domestic wood species such as Pinus sylvestris L. and Larix decidua Mill.. The most durable of the tested wood species was Larix sibirica Ledeb., while the European larch showed comparable durability. The wood of Larix gmellini (Rupr.) Kuzen. showed the lowest persistence among the tested species.

scholarly journals Effects of epyxilous fungus Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull. ex Fr.) murrill on the deccomposition of oak wood

2017 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Miroslava Marković ◽  
Snežana Rajković ◽  
Mara Tabaković-Tošić ◽  
Marija Milosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Regression Line ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Static Modulus ◽  
Laetiporus Sulphureus ◽  
The Impact

Testing samples were collected from the medulla of healthy oak trees in Eastern Serbia, from the association of Quercetum montanum. Over the periods of 2, 4 and 6 months the wood samples were exposed to influence of the mycelia of the fungus causing cubical brown rot on oak. Given that static modulus of rupture provides the quickest and clearest way to observe destruction caused by epixylous fungi, this paper researched the decrease in modulus of rupture of Sessile oak wood due to influence of causers of cubical brown rot. The samples have been exposed to the impact of the mycelia of the brown rot fungus on oak tree Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull. ex Fr.) Murrill (Sulphur Polypore). Effect of to the impact of the brown rot fungi was investigated, in decrease of static modulus of rupture Quercus petraea agg. The static modulus of rupture caused by L. sulphureus after 2, 4 and 6 months decreased in comparison with initial ones (100%) and reached 91.73, 75.17 and 63.25%. By using correlation analyses of Q. petraea agg. static modulus of rupture - ss (dependent variable) of fungi time influence (T-independent variable) strong correlation between variables was established, and regression equation is: ss= 151.514 ± 30,657 √ T The regression line obtained through data processing opened the possibility to prognosticate the changes of wood properties in certain time periods of the effect of the fungus under the unchanged external conditions, which is significant for practical purposes in terms of taking protective measures and wood usability.

scholarly journals Antifungal Effectiveness of Pyrolytic Oil Obtained from Triplochiton scleroxylon (De. Wild) Sawdust on Selected Wood Species

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Okanlawon ◽  
O. A. Adegoke ◽  
O. A. Olatunji ◽  
J. K. Abiola
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pyrolytic Oil ◽  
Percentage Absorption ◽  
Variance Result

The present study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of pyrolytic oil obtained from Triplochion scleroxylon sawdust which used as a preservative against fungi attack on Alstonia bonnei, Ceiba pentandra, Pterocarpus osun, Terminalia randii, Triplochiton scleroxylon wood. The wood samples used for the experiment were dimensioned into 20 x 20 x 60 mm and soaked for 72 hours to obtain appreciable absorption. The percentage absorption after soaking and weight loss after exposure to termite were determined. Data were analyzed using simple statistics and analysis of variance at α0.05. The highest and lowest percentage absorption was recorded for Terminalia randii and Alstonia bonnie with 23.20 % and 13.10 % respectively. Analysis of variance result indicates the significant difference in wood species used. The result obtained for weight loss revealed significant differences in wood species as well as in fungi also.  The result further showed that those are taken as control recorded the highest weight loss to white and brown rot fungi. Pyrolytic oil possesses a great potential in the prevention of fungi attack as it contained phenolic compound.

Wood Anatomy of Three Lesser Known Species from Mozambique

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Uetimane Junior ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Three lesser known wood species from Mozambique were studied to generate information for identification purposes and facilitate the introduction of these species into the wood working industry by assigning or widening the potential uses of these species. Selected anatomical features were used to predict some important wood properties, subsequently confirmed by measurements of both density and impregnability. Comparative wood anatomy showed that all three wood species have anatomical features typical for their genus after comparisons with their closest relatives. Both ntholo (Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia Pax) and muanga (Pericopsis angolensis Meeuwen) are diffuse-porous (with 14–24 and 16–20 vessels/mm2 respectively), have extractives in the heartwood vessels and thick-walled fibres, features consistent with good natural durability and strength respectively. Metil (Sterculia appendiculata K. Schum.) is also diffuse-porous with very wide vessels at much lower frequency (<5/mm2), it lacks extractives in the heartwood vessels, and thin-walled axial and ray parenchyma constitutes the bulk of the ground tissue. This set of characteristics makes the wood light and satisfactory for construction purposes but highly vulnerable to biodegradation.

The effect of CaCl2 on growth rate, wood decay and oxalic acid accumulation in Serpula lacrymans and related brown-rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Christine Steenkjær Hastrup ◽  
Bo Jensen ◽  
Carol Clausen ◽  
Frederick Green III
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Block Test

AbstractThe dry rot fungus,Serpula lacrymans, is one of the most destructive copper-tolerant fungi causing timber decay in buildings in temperate regions. Calcium and oxalic acid have been shown to play important roles in the mechanism of wood decay. The effect of calcium on growth and decay was evaluated for 12 strains ofS. lacrymansand compared to five brown-rot fungi. This was done by treating copper citrate (CC)-treated Southern yellow pine (SYP) wood with a CaCl2solution and estimating the decay rate and amount of soluble oxalic acid in an ASTM soil block test. Decay byS. lacrymanswas found to be significantly inhibited by treatment with CaCl2in the presence of copper. In addition, calcium showed no effect on two strains ofS. lacrymansand oneSerpula himantioidesstrain in non-copper-treated SYP wood blocks. The growth rate ofS. lacrymanswas not affected on malt extract agar containing CaCl2. In summary, a marked decrease was observed in the decay capacity ofS. lacrymansin pine treated with CC+CaCl2. The amount of soluble oxalic acid was measured in CC-treated blocks and blocks also treated with CaCl2. Of the comparative brown-rot fungi, bothAntrodia vaillantii(TFFH 294) andPostia placenta(Mad 698) displayed notable wood decay despite CaCl2treatment, while the remaining strains were inhibited.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomics During Brown Rot Decay in Three Fungi Reveals Strain-Specific Degradative Strategies and Responses to Wood Acetylation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Kölle ◽  
Maria Augusta Crivelente Horta ◽  
J. Philipp Benz ◽  
Annica Pilgård
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Brown Rot Decay ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Brown rot fungi degrade wood in a two-step process in which enzymatic hydrolysis is preceded by an oxidative degradation phase. While a detailed understanding of the molecular processes during brown rot decay is mandatory for being able to better protect wooden products from this type of degradation, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. This is particularly true for wood that has been treated to increase its resistance against rot. In the present study, the two degradation phases were separated to study the impact of wood acetylation on the behavior of three brown rot fungi commonly used in wood durability testing. Transcriptomic data from two strains of Rhodonia placenta (FPRL280 and MAD-698) and Gloeophyllum trabeum were recorded to elucidate differences between the respective decay strategies. Clear differences were found between the two decay stages in all fungi. Moreover, strategies varied not only between species but also between the two strains of the same species. The responses to wood acetylation showed that decay is generally delayed and that parts of the process are attenuated. By hierarchical clustering, we could localize several transcription factors within gene clusters that were heavily affected by acetylation, especially in G. trabeum. The results suggest that regulatory circuits evolve rapidly and are probably the major cause behind the different decay strategies as observed even between the two strains of R. placenta. Identifying key genes in these processes can help in decay detection and identification of the fungi by biomarker selection, and also be informative for other fields, such as fiber modification by biocatalysts and the generation of biochemical platform chemicals for biorefinery applications.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Characteristics on Wood Biodeterioration by Brown Rot Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 8837
Author(s):  
Javier Ribera ◽  
Elisabeth Michel ◽  
Francis W. M. R. Schwarze
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impregnated Wood

Soil conditions can directly influence the inoculum potential of wood decay fungi, which is likely to be a major factor in the premature failure of utility poles across Europe. The objective of our study was to assess the influence of soil pH, humic acid and iron on wood decay. For this purpose, we incubated Fe-impregnated wood specimens on artificial medium to evaluate the influence of the metal on the activity of brown rot fungi. Moreover, the impact of Cu-leaching from impregnated wood specimens that were exposed to humic acid solutions was measured. In addition, weight losses caused by brown rot fungi in impregnated wood pole segments and stiffness (Young’s modulus of Elasticity) of Cu-impregnated wood specimens were quantified. The pH measurements showed that the soil samples were slightly acid (pH = 6.7 ± 0.7). In comparison to non-impregnated controls, the Fe-impregnated samples significantly increased weight losses by brown rot fungi (>30–40%). In the presence of humic acid the release of copper from chromium-free wood preservatives (up to 143.34 mg L−1) was enhanced. Weight losses in impregnated wood segments by brown rot fungi ranged from 5.3 to 20.4%. The recorded reduction in stiffness by brown rot fungi ranged from approximately 3.96 to 55.52% for Cu-impregnated wood specimens after 12 weeks. Our study shows that the pH, humic acid, iron content and selected wood preservatives greatly influence susceptibility of impregnated wood to brown rot fungi during ground contact.

Static and Dynamic Studies of Gasoline in View of its Octane Number and its Toxic Effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 451-459
Author(s):  
Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar ◽  
Mohamed A. Ebiad
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Octane Number ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hydrocarbon Composition ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Gasoline come primarily from petroleum cuts, it is the preferred liquid fuel in our lives. Two gasoline samples of octane numbers 91 and 95 from Saudi Arabia petrol stations were studied. This study was achieved at three different temperatures 20oC, 30oC and 50oC representing the change in temperatures of the different seasons of the year. Both the evaporated gases of light aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) of gasoline samples inside the tank were subjected to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively via capillary gas chromatography. The detailed hydrocarbon composition and the octane number of the studied gasoline samples were determined using detailed hydrocarbon analyzer. The idea of research is indicating the impact of light aromatic compounds in gasoline on the toxic effect of human and environment on the one hand, and on octane number of gasoline on the other hand. Although the value of octane number will be reduced but this will have a positive impact on the environment as a way to produce clean fuel.

The Development of Agritourism in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in the Light of International and National Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 244-261
Author(s):  
Mariola Tracz ◽  
Małgorzata Bajgier-Kowalska ◽  
Radosław Uliszak
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Current State ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Tourism Resources ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
District Offices ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Podkarpackie Voivodeship is one of the regions of Poland in which the number of agritourism entities is very high. Therefore tourism plays a significant role in its development strategy. The aim of the paper is to identify the current state of agritourism and the changes that have occurred in the region in the years 2000–2016. Specific objectives are to determine the distribution of agritourism farms and their offer, together with a comprehensive analysis of the environmental and socio-economic factors, as well as the impact of the Slovak-Ukrainian border. The report was developed on the statistical materials from the Polish Central Statistical Office, Podkarpackie Agricultural Advisory Centre in Boguchwała and data collected from municipalities and district offices that is published on their websites, as well as through interviews with 100 owners of agritourism farms in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The research has shown, on the one hand, the decline in the number of farms in the region and, on the other hand, the increase in the diversity of the tourist offer of these entities. Distribution of agritourism farms is closely linked to the attractiveness of natural environment and quality of secondary tourism resources. Traditional agritourism has not yet fully used its countryside, as well as cross-border advantages of its location.

Laughter on the Fringes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Peterson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Autobiographical Writing ◽  
Treasure Trove ◽  
Old Comedy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Aggressive Humor ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This book examines the impact that Athenian Old Comedy had on Greek writers of the Imperial era. It is generally acknowledged that Imperial-era Greeks responded to Athenian Old Comedy in one of two ways: either as a treasure trove of Atticisms, or as a genre defined by and repudiated for its aggressive humor. Worthy of further consideration, however, is how both approaches, and particularly the latter one that relegated Old Comedy to the fringes of the literary canon, led authors to engage with the ironic and self-reflexive humor of Aristophanes, Eupolis, and Cratinus. Authors ranging from serious moralizers (Plutarch and Aelius Aristides) to comic writers in their own right (Lucian, Alciphron), to other figures not often associated with Old Comedy (Libanius) adopted aspects of the genre to negotiate power struggles, facilitate literary and sophistic rivalries, and provide a model for autobiographical writing. To varying degrees, these writers wove recognizable features of the genre (e.g., the parabasis, its agonistic language, the stage biographies of the individual poets) into their writings. The image of Old Comedy that emerges from this time is that of a genre in transition. It was, on the one hand, with the exception of Aristophanes’s extant plays, on the verge of being almost completely lost; on the other hand, its reputation and several of its most characteristic elements were being renegotiated and reinvented.

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