Gynoecial ontogeny of Anthurium: contributions for floral developmental studies in Araceae (Alismatales)

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Peres Poli ◽  
Lívia Godinho Temponi ◽  
Alessandra Ike Coan
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
New Information ◽  
Developmental Phases

Studies on floral development have widened the knowledge on the floral morphology of Araceae, particularly in genera delimited through classical taxonomic treatments. In Pothoideae, floral ontogenetic studies are limited to some representatives of Pothoidium Schott and Pothos L. and only one species of Anthurium Schott, with no focus on gynoecium. This background reveals a lack of ontogenetic data on the largest genus in the clade. This paper presents gynoecial ontogeny of species circumscribed in different sections of Anthurium, describes gynoecial developmental patterns, and evaluates the relevance of ontogenetic characteristics in the taxonomy of the sections studied. New data for the Araceae include the recognition of four floral developmental phases, the carpellary nature of the ovarian septum, and the development of the symplicate and synascidiate zones of the gynoecium. The apical septum described in Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. is first reported for the genus in this study. We also highlight the importance of these ontogenetic data as new information for the Pothoideae within Araceae and to understand the notable phases of floral development in the reproductive biology of Anthurium.

Floral structure in Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales): new insights from anatomy, vasculature and development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim S Nuraliev ◽  
Sophia V Yudina ◽  
Ekaterina A Shepeleva ◽  
Ba Vuong Truong ◽  
Thi Xuyen Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distal Part ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Floral Vasculature ◽  
General Appearance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Thismia is characterized by an exceptionally complicated floral morphology that is currently not understood properly. In the taxonomic literature, descriptive rather than morphological terms are often applied to parts of the flower in Thismia, relating to the general appearance of the floral organs instead of their precise homologies. Precise understanding of the floral structure is complicated by the rarity of Thismia spp. and the paucity of appropriate material. Here we provide a comprehensive study of reproductive organs of three Thismia spp. (T. annamensis, T. javanica and T. mucronata) including the first investigation of inflorescence architecture and early floral development in Thismiaceae. We found a hitherto unknown diversity of the reproductive shoots in the genus, manifested in the number of floral prophylls (two or three, in contrast to a single prophyll in the vast majority of monocots) and in the branching plane resulting in two distinct inflorescence types, a drepanium and a bostryx. We report the non-acropetal sequence of initiation of floral whorls (with stamens being the last elements to initiate), never previously described in monocots, and the gynoecium composed of completely plicate carpels, also a rare feature for monocots. Floral vasculature is relatively uniform in Thismia, but significant interspecific differences are found in tepal innervation, including the number of tepal traces; some of these differences are not immediately related to the external tepal morphology. We argue that the annulus, which acts as a roof of the hypanthium, possesses an androecium nature and represents congenitally fused bases of stamen filaments. We describe the stamens as laminar structures, which are also shortly tubular in the distal part of the supraconnective with the adaxial tubular side forming a skirt-like appendage. Finally, the placentas, which are column-like when mature, are initially parietal, becoming secondarily similar to free-central placentas through schizogenous separation from the ovary wall.

Comparative Development of Some Taxonomically Critical Floral Inflorescence Features in Cyperaceae

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Bruhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Comparative Development ◽  
Inflorescence Morphology ◽  
The Family ◽  
Scanning Electron

Morphology at different developmental stages was investigated by dissection and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in five sedges: Eleocharis (three species) and Schoenoplectus (both Cyperoideae, Scirpeae), and Lepidosperma (Caricoideae, Schoeneae). In each case all the perianth segments (scales or bristles) were positioned outside the staminal primordia or stamens, consistent with classical interpretations of flowers. Putative exceptions and previous alternative interpretations of floral morphology in the Cyperaceae are discussed. SEM developmental studies of Hypolytreae (e.g. Scirpodendron) are needed for further clarification of interpretative floral/inflorescence morphology in the family.

scholarly journals Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Klein ◽  
Joseph Gallagher ◽  
Edgar Demesa-Arevalo ◽  
María Jazmín Abraham-Juárez ◽  
Michelle Heeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Transcription Factor Gene ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Axillary Meristems ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Floral Form

AbstractFloral morphology is immensely diverse. One developmental process acting to shape this diversity is growth suppression. For example, grass flowers exhibit extreme diversity in floral sexuality, arising through differential suppression of stamens or carpels. In maize, carpels undergo programmed cell death in half of the flowers initiated in ears and in all flowers in tassels. The HD-ZIP I transcription factor gene GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) is one of only a few genes known to regulate this process. To identify additional regulators of carpel suppression, we performed a gt1 enhancer screen, and found a genetic interaction between gt1 and ramosa3 (ra3). RA3 is a classic inflorescence meristem determinacy gene that encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase (TPP). Dissection of floral development revealed that ra3 single mutants have partially derepressed carpels, whereas gt1; ra3 double mutants have completely derepressed carpels. Surprisingly, gt1 suppresses ra3 inflorescence branching, revealing a role for gt1 in meristem determinacy. Supporting these genetic interactions, GT1 and RA3 proteins colocalize to carpel nuclei in developing flowers. Global expression profiling revealed common genes misregulated in single and double mutant flowers, as well as in derepressed gt1 axillary meristems. Indeed, we found that ra3 enhances gt1 vegetative branching, similar to the roles for the trehalose pathway and GT1 homologs in the eudicots. This functional conservation over ~160 million years of evolution reveals ancient roles for GT1-like genes and the trehalose pathway in regulating axillary meristem suppression, later recruited to mediate carpel suppression. Our findings expose hidden pleiotropy of classic maize genes, and show how an ancient developmental program was redeployed to sculpt floral form.

scholarly journals Relationships between Floral Morphology, Breeding Behavior, and Flower Longevity in Easter Cactus

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Karle ◽  
Thomas H. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Breeding Behavior ◽  
Silver Thiosulfate ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Diploid Clone ◽  
Days After Anthesis

The effects of floral morphology and breeding behavior on flower longevity were investigated in Easter cactus [Hatiora ×graeseri (Werderm.) Barthlott)]. Four clones were studied: two diploid (n = 11) clones (`Evita' and `Purple Pride') that were highly self-incompatible (SI), and two cytochimeras (diploid epidermis and tetraploid subepidermis) that were recovered from the diploid cultivars, both of which were self-compatible (SC). The clones exhibited differences in the stage of floral development in which autogamy commenced. Autogamy commenced on the day of anthesis in the two `Evita' clones and occurred ≈5 days after anthesis in the `Purple Pride' cytochimera. In the `Purple Pride' diploid clone, anthers and stigmatic lobes remained spatially separated during the period from anthesis to senescence. Examination of styles collected from senesced, undisturbed flowers showed that few pollen tubes traversed to the base of the styles for the two SI diploid clones, whereas large numbers of pollen tubes were present at the base of the styles for the two SC cytochimeras. Flower longevity for the `Evita' cytochimera was significantly less than for `Evita' diploid, but the diploid and cytochimeral clones of `Purple Pride' exhibited similar flower longevities. Application of 2 mm silver thiosulfate, an inhibitor of ethylene (C2H4) action, did not affect flower longevity of `Evita' cytochimera. Our results show that flower longevity in Easter cactus is influenced by breeding behavior and the stage of floral development at which autogamy commences.

Floral development of Maidenia rubra Rendle, (Hydrocharitaceae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA McConchie
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Male Inflorescence ◽  
Single Flower

Floral development of Maidenia rubra was followed from initiation to maturity. Plants are dioecious. Both male and female inflorescences develop from complexes initiated subapically. Complexes have three meristematic components that include two inflorescence initials flanking a central primordium; these form sequentially in the axil of the preceding initial. The third component also produces an inflorescence and branches sympodially to form further floral initials that have a spiral arrangement. The female inflorescences produce a single flower only with an inferior, unilocular ovary and three sepals, staminodes and bifid stigma. In the locule, numerous bitegmic ovules, borne panetally, are produced. A male inflorescence produces hundreds of small flowers that are released and float to the surface individually. Each male flower has three sepals, a staminode and two stamens, each anther consisting of three locules with eight pollen grains. Prior to maturation, the anther wall breaks down leaving a membraneous layer that assists in binding the octad of pollen grains together. Both male and female inflorescences are enclosed in a pair of fused bracts. The floral morphology is compared with other closely related genera in the Hydrocharitaceae and the unique features are assessed.

scholarly journals Aspects of the reproductive biology of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from southern Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Ebert ◽  
Leonard J. V. Compagno ◽  
Paul D. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Disc Width ◽  
New Information ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Maturity

AbstractEbert, D. A., Compagno, L. J. V., and Cowley, P. D. 2008. Aspects of the reproductive biology of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from southern Africa. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 81–102. New information is presented on the reproductive biology of 22 southern African skate species. Sex ratios for most species were relatively even. Sexual dimorphic differences in disc shape were evident in all species, but the total length (LT) to disc width (D) relationship was significantly different in only three species, and the LT to weight (W) relationship significant in just five species. Sexual dimorphism relative to maximum total length (LTmax) was absent in all but the two largest species. Males and females of the same species grow to a similar LTmax except those whose LTmax is >1.5 m LT. Size at first and 50% (LT50) sexual maturity was approximately the same for both sexes in all but the two largest species. First maturity occurred at >60% of LTmax for all species for which sufficient data were available, and most (n = 18) matured at >75% LTmax. The large size at maturity relative to LTmax suggests that growth slows or is partially suspended following sexual maturity. The egg cases of 15 species are described, and a key to their identification is presented. Egg cases in utero were observed throughout the year suggesting that most species reproduce year-round.

scholarly journals Conceptual development and change precede adults’ judgments about powerful appearance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Frank Terrizzi
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Level ◽  
Preverbal Infants ◽  
Empirical Foundation

Objective: Adults’ mental representations of the physical appearance of people that are “strong” and people that are “in charge” are remarkably similar. Some have explained this feature of adults’ thinking by positing innate mental representations. However, specific details about the nature and structure of these representations and an appropriate empirical foundation for these claims has been lacking. In this review, my objective is to provide a high-level summary of recent research exploring infants’ and young children’s intuitions about the physical manifestations of power. I argue that the social responses and judgments of young participants are more informative about the existence and nature of putatively innate mental content.Methods: Narrative review of developmental studies. Results: Preverbal infants exhibit a remarkably early sensitivity to the relative power of two agents. By the time that people enter childhood, they exhibit increasingly adult-like intuitions about powerful appearance. Additionally, there are significant revisions in the appearance-to-power correspondences that people detect between childhood and adulthood.Conclusions: These complex developmental patterns are inconsistent with the idea that adults’ intuitions about the physical manifestations of power are straightforward outputs of an innate psychology. Rather, despite an early-emerging sensitivity to appearance-based cues to power, significant conceptual development and change precede adults’ judgments about powerful appearance.

scholarly journals Floral Morphology and Development of `Sharpblue' Southern Highbush Blueberry in Louisiana

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. Huang ◽  
C.E. Johnson ◽  
M.D. Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Cell Embryo ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Southern Highbush

Floral morphology and differentiation of `Sharpblue' southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were studied under natural growing conditions. There was no rest period during floral development of `Sharpblue' blueberry in Louisiana. Basal florets were already present within a racemic inflorescence in early September. All floral and reproductive organs were clearly visible in early December. Microspores and pollen grains were observed in mid- and late-January, respectively. Megasporocytes, two-cell, four-cell, and seven-cell embryo sacs were found to be simultaneously present in developing ovules in late January, suggesting that megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in `Sharpblue' blueberry are asynchronous.

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