scholarly journals The profitability of diverse crop rotations and other cultural methods that reduce wild oat (Avena fatua)

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1094-1101
Author(s):  
Elwin G. Smith ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
John T. O’Donovan ◽  
T. Kelly Turkington ◽  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Winter Crops

With the increasing resistance of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to herbicides, there is a need to evaluate the potential of alternative cropping systems based on integrated weed management principles. A 5-yr field study at eight sites across Canada was used to evaluate the profitability of alternative cropping systems that have the potential to control wild oat using cultural practices in conjunction with herbicides. Cultural practices included twice the recommended seeding rates, fall-seeded winter crops, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage, fallow, and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Seven of the 14 cropping systems in this study did not include wild oat herbicide for three consecutive years, controlling wild oat entirely by cultural practices. Cropping system profitability varied by location. For many locations, combinations of barley silage and fall-seeded winter crops without wild oat herbicide application were as profitable as a system of canola (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with wild oat herbicide applied every year. Unprofitable systems generally included those with fallow, alfalfa, and fall-seeded winter crops in regions with rates of high winter kill. Wild oat control can be achieved with diverse cropping systems that are as profitable as conventional annual cropping that relies on herbicide control of wild oat.

Chaff collection reduces seed dispersal of wild oat (Avena fatua) by a combine harvester

Weed Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Combine Harvesters

Combine harvesters have the potential to disperse weed seeds great distances. Reducing this dispersal may be important in an integrated weed management system. The objectives of this study were to determine the distance that wild oat seeds are dispersed by a combine harvester and the effect of chaff collection on combine harvester seed dispersal. This was measured by sampling wild oat seeds at varying distances behind a combine equipped with a removable chaff collection system after it passed through a wild oat patch. Chaff collection consistently reduced the amount and distance that wild oat seeds were dispersed. This occurred because more than 74% of the total wild oat seed that were ejected from the combine were in the chaff. Because most of the chaff falls in a row directly behind the combine, chaff collection only affected dispersal in this area. In 1996, chaff collection reduced wild oat seed dispersal past the wild oat patch to less than 10 seeds m−2at 45 m, whereas without chaff collection, there was greater than 10 seeds m−2up to 145 m. At distances beyond 145 m, chaff collection had no significant effect on seed dispersal. Chaff collection may be an important tool in an integrated weed management program because it may slow weed invasions and reduce the expansion of weed patches.

Selection and evolution of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)-inhibitor resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in a long-term alternative cropping systems study

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
Julia Y. Leeson ◽  
Scott W. Shirriff ◽  
Arlen Kapiniak
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Inhibitor Resistance ◽  
Herbicide Use

Beckie, H. J., Johnson, E. N., Leeson, J. Y., Shirriff, S. W. and Kapiniak, A. 2014. Selection and evolution of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)-inhibitor resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in a long-term alternative cropping systems study. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 727–731. In 2012, 18 yr after experiment establishment, wild oat from the spring wheat phase of seven of nine alternative cropping systems (each of three input levels applied to three levels of cropping diversity) were sampled and screened for ACC-inhibitor resistance. The frequency or level of resistance in wild oat was greatest in the diversified annual grains systems (42–60% of individuals), and lowest in the diversified annual perennial systems (<3%). The results of this study demonstrate the importance of perennial crops in slowing the selection and evolution of resistance in this weed. Moreover, annual cropping system diversity by itself is not enough to slow the evolution of ACC-inhibitor resistance in wild oat; cropping diversity must be linked with herbicide mode-of-action diversity and herbicide-use reduction.

Influence of annual forages on weed dynamics in a cropping system

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Schoofs ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Weed Dynamics

Alternatives to herbicides are needed for weed control. Field studies were conducted in 1994/1995 and 1995/1996 to investigate the nature of forage crop-weed dynamics and to test the effect of single year forage crops on the density and community composition of annual weeds in a following field pea (Pisium sativum L.) test crop. Five spring-seeded forage treatments were compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain crops (with or without herbicides for grassy and broadleaved weeds): winter triticale (Triticosecale) (simulation grazed); spring triticale (silage); spring/winter triticale intercrop (silage, then simulation grazed); alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (hay); sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench × Sorghum sudanese [Piper]) (hay); and a weedy fallow (silage). A fall rye (Secale cereale L.) grain crop and a sweet clover (Melilotis officinalis L.)/winter triticale double crop (hay, then simulation grazing) were included in the 1995/1996 trial. All forage systems were at least as effective as the sprayed wheat control in suppressing wild oat (Avena fatua L.); however, effects on other weeds, especially broadleaved species, were variable. Biennial crops provided the best early season weed control, while long-season systems such winter triticale and the triticale intercrop provided the best late season weed control. Forages shifted the weed community composition away from wild oat and green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) to a similar or greater extent than herbicide-treated wheat. Forage systems that did not provide season-long crop competition tended to have more broadleaved weeds. Some forage systems increased pea grain yield the following year (relative to the sprayed wheat control); however, forages alone did not eliminate the need for herbicides in the pea crop. Annual forages may play an important role in integrated weed management, especially for wild oat, however further research to refine forage-based weed management systems is needed. Key words: Integrated weed management, alfalfa, intercropping, double cropping, organic farming

Response of Triallate-Resistant Wild Oat (Avena fatua) to Alternative Herbicides

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
M. Paul Sharma ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
Denise Maurice
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Field Crops

Wild oat populations resistant to triallate have been identified in Alberta. Dose response experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine if triallate-resistant wild oat was controlled by other selective wild oat herbicides. Triallate-resistant wild oat populations were effectively controlled by atrazine, ethalfluralin, fenoxaprop-P, flamprop, imazamethabenz, and tralkoxydim. EPTC and cycloate, which are chemically related to triallate, differed in their efficacy on triallate-resistant wild oats. EPTC at the 0.25x field use rate was more efficacious on triallate-resistant than triallate-susceptible wild oat. In contrast, cycloate at the 0.25 to 0.5x field use rate was less efficacious on triallate-resistant than susceptible wild oats. At higher rates, both EPTC and cycloate killed triallate-resistant wild oat populations. Growers have several herbicide choices to selectively control triallate-resistant wild oat in prairie field crops but should plan to rotate herbicides among different chemical families and adopt integrated weed management practices to reduce the risk of these wild oat populations developing resistance to other wild oat herbicides.

Growth, competitiveness, and seed germination of triallate/difenzoquat-susceptible and -resistant wild oat populations

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. O'Donovan ◽  
J. C. Newman ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
D. A. Derksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Understanding the relative competitiveness and seed germination patterns of herbicide-resistant weeds has implications for integrated weed management. Replacement series experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to compare interspecific competition among two triallate/difenzoquat susceptible (S) and 10 resistant (R) wild oat (Avena fatua L.) populations. Each series included monocultures of each of the populations and three mixtures at relative S:R proportions of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3. Shoot dry weight tended to be greater in the R than S populations, but results were not always statistically significant at the 5% level. Leaf area was more variable, but in most cases did not differ between R and S populations. With a few exceptions, relative crowding coefficients for shoot dry weight and leaf area were similar for S and R populations indicating little or no differences in competitiveness. In field experiments where two S and five R populations were grown in competition with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), two of the R populations produced significantly (P < 0.05) greater shoot dry weight and seed yield than the S populations. Otherwise populations did not differ significantly. In seed germination studies, the S populations consistently displayed lower cumulative germination than the R populations. The higher seed germination associated with the R populations suggests that producers should be able to manage these populations effectively with a combination of alternative herbicides and cultural practices. Key words: Avena fatua, herbicide resistance, triallate, difenzoquat, relative competitiveness, seed germination

Competitive ability of hybrid and open-pollinated canola (Brassica napus) with wild oat (Avena fatua)

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zand ◽  
H. J. Beckie
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
High Plant Density

The competitiveness of three hybrid and three open-pollinated canola cultivars against two wild oat populations was determined under controlled environment conditions at two plant densities and five canola:wild oat ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). Analysis of replacement series and derivation of relative crowding coefficients (RCC), based on shoot dry weight or leaf area, indicated that hybrid canola cultivars were twice as competitive than open-pollinated cultivars when weed interference was relatively high (i.e., high plant density and vigorous wild oat growth). Little difference in competitiveness among cultivar types was apparent when weed interference was lower. The results of this study suggest that hybrid canola cultivars may be best suited for use in an integrated weed management program, particularly for farmers of organic or low input cropping systems. Key words: Hybrid canola, Brassica napus, Avena fatua, replacement series, competition

U.S. Grower Views on Problematic Weeds and Changes in Weed Pressure in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn, Cotton, and Soybean Cropping Systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Stephen C. Weller ◽  
Micheal D. K. Owen ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
The State ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Management Tactics

Corn and soybean growers in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, Nebraska, and North Carolina, as well as cotton growers in Mississippi and North Carolina, were surveyed about their views on changes in problematic weeds and weed pressure in cropping systems based on a glyphosate-resistant (GR) crop. No growers using a GR cropping system for more than 5 yr reported heavy weed pressure. Over all cropping systems investigated (continuous GR soybean, continuous GR cotton, GR corn/GR soybean, GR soybean/non-GR crop, and GR corn/non-GR crop), 0 to 7% of survey respondents reported greater weed pressure after implementing rotations using GR crops, whereas 31 to 57% felt weed pressure was similar and 36 to 70% indicated that weed pressure was less. Pigweed, morningglory, johnsongrass, ragweed, foxtail, and velvetleaf were mentioned as their most problematic weeds, depending on the state and cropping system. Systems using GR crops improved weed management compared with the technologies used before the adoption of GR crops. However, the long-term success of managing problematic weeds in GR cropping systems will require the development of multifaceted integrated weed management programs that include glyphosate as well as other weed management tactics.

Competitive ability of Australian canola (Brassica napus) genotypes for weed management

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre Lemerle ◽  
David J. Luckett ◽  
Peter Lockley ◽  
Eric Koetz ◽  
Hanwen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Weed Growth

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is an important break crop in Australian cropping systems but weeds are a major cost to production and herbicide-resistant weeds are spreading. The potential competitive ability of canola genotypes to both suppress weed growth and maintain grain yield and quality in the presence of weeds has not been determined in Australia. Two experiments examined the range in competitive ability of 16 B. napus genotypes against annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) and volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) over two contrasting seasons. Weed biomass at flowering was generally reduced 50% more in the presence of the strongly competitive genotypes than the least competitive, and this has significant benefits for lower weed seed production and reduced seedbank replenishment. Suppression of weed growth was negatively correlated with crop biomass. Significant differences in grain yield of canola were recorded between weedy and weed-free plots, depending on crop genotype, presence of weeds and season. Crop yield tolerance (where 0% = no tolerance and 100% = complete tolerance) to ryegrass competition ranged from 0% (e.g. with CB-Argyle) to 30–40% (e.g. with the hybrids 46Y78 and Hyola-50) in the dry season of 2009. Yield tolerance was higher (50–100%) with the lower densities of volunteer wheat and in the 2010 season. The range between genotypes was similar for both conditions. The hybrids and AV-Garnet were higher yielding and more competitive than the triazine-tolerant cultivars. The ranking of genotypes for competitiveness was strongly influenced by seasonal conditions; some genotypes were consistently more competitive than others. Competitive crops are a low-cost tactic for integrated weed management to reduce dependence on herbicides and retard the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds.

Strategies and tactics for herbicide use reduction in field crops in Canada: A review

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orla M. Nazarko ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Low Input Agriculture ◽  
Herbicide Use

There are many economic and health reasons for reducing pesticide use in Canada. Herbicide use on field crops is by far the most common pesticide use in Canada. This paper is a review of four topics related to herbicide use reduction on field crops in Canada: (1) broad strategies and (2) specific tactics for herbicide use reduction; (3) factors affecting adoption; and 4) research approaches for improving the implementation of herbicide use reduction. Numerous tactics exist to use herbicides more efficiently and herbicides can sometimes be replaced by non-chemical weed control methods. Many of these tactics and methods have been investigated and demonstrated for use on field crops in Canada. However, herbicide use reduction is fundamentally dependent upon preventative strategies designed to create robust cropping systems that maintain low weed densities. Diverse crop rotation forms the basis of preventative strategies as it inherently varies cropping system conditions to avoid weed adaptation. There is evidence that residual weed densities resulting from herbicide use reduction are manageable within competitive cropping systems. A great deal of research has been done on herbicide use reduction on field crops in Canada, and most projects report definite possibilities for herbicide use reduction in field crop production in Canada. Synthesizing and extending this information and customizing it for use on individual farms remain challenges. Collaboration between researchers and farmers can help to build successful strategies for herbicide use reduction which reflect the context of modern farming, the will of farmers and the culture of technology adoption among farmers. Key words: Pesticide use reduction, low-input agriculture, integrated pest management, integrated weed management

Slowing weed evolution with integrated weed management

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Harker
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Research Knowledge ◽  
Weed Evolution ◽  
System Sustainability ◽  
Weed Resistance

Harker, K. N. 2013. Slowing weed evolution with integrated weed management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 759–764. For millennia, weeds have slowly evolved in response to ever-changing environments and crop production practices. Weeds are now evolving much more quickly due to consistently repeated cropping systems and intense herbicide selection pressures. Weed resistance to herbicides now threatens cropping system sustainability in several industrialized nations. Integrated weed management (IWM) provides opportunities to reduce selection pressure for weed resistance while maintaining current crop yields. Combining optimal IWM tactics that discourage weeds by minimizing disturbance (no till, direct-seeding), adopting diverse crop rotations, and attempting to preclude resource acquisition by weeds are encouraged. New research knowledge on practical IWM systems is available, but despite current and looming threats of major weed resistance, most crop producers will require greater incentives than those currently available to more-fully adopt IWM systems in the near future.

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