Geophysical characteristics of the continental crust along the Lithoprobe Eastern Canadian Shield Onshore–Offshore Transect (ECSOOT): a review

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Hall ◽  
Keith E Louden ◽  
Thomas Funck ◽  
Sharon Deemer

The Eastern Canadian Shield Onshore–Offshore Transect (ECSOOT) of the Lithoprobe program included 1200 km of normal-incidence seismic profiles and seven wide-angle seismic profiles across Archean and Proterozoic rocks of Labrador, northern Quebec, and the surrounding marine areas. Archean crust is 33–44 km thick. P-wave velocity increases downwards from 6.0 to 6.9 km/s. There is moderate crustal reflectivity, but the reflection Moho is unclear. Archean crust that stabilized in the Proterozoic is similar except for greater reflectivity and a well-defined Moho. Proterozoic crust has similar or greater thickness, variable lower crustal velocities, and strong crustal reflectivity. Geodynamic processes of Paleoproterozoic growth of the Canadian Shield are similar to those observed in modern collisional orogens. The suturing of the Archean Core Zone and Superior provinces involved whole-crustal shearing (top to west) in the Core Zone, linked to thin-skinned deformation in the New Quebec Orogen. The Torngat Orogen sutures the Nain Province to the Core Zone and reveals a crustal root, in which Moho descends to 55 km. It formed by transpression and survived because of the lack of postorogenic heating. Accretion of the Makkovik Province to the Nain Province involves delamination at the Moho and distributed strain in the juvenile arcs. Delamination within the lower crust characterizes the accretion of Labradorian crust in the southeastern Grenville Province. Thinning of the crust northwards across the Grenville Front is accentuated by Mesozoic extension that reactivates Proterozoic shear zones. The intrusion of the Mesoproterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite is attributed to a mantle plume ponding at the base of the crust.


2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
M K Herrell ◽  
A P Dickin ◽  
W A Morris

Over sixty new neodymium model ages were determined on orthogneisses from the Kipawa–Mattawa region of the Grenville Province to refine previous Nd isotope mapping work in this area. The combined Nd data sets support a tectonic model involving three major thrust sheets in the Kipawa area, separated by major shear zones. The uppermost sheet is correlated with the Allochthonous Polycyclic Belt, represented in the study area by the Lac Watson nappe, along with two allochthonous klippen. These have Nd model ages < 1.8 Ga, consistent with previous work. Within the underlying Parautochthonous Belt, previous workers identified a second major shear zone, separating rocks with Archean and Proterozoic crystallization ages, respectively. These two thrust sheets also have distinct Nd isotope signatures. The lowermost sheet consists of metamorphosed but otherwise relatively pristine Archean crust with Nd model ages > 2.6 Ga, whereas the overlying sheet consists of magmatically reworked Archean parautochthon with model ages from 1.8–2.6 Ga. A residual magnetic-field map developed from aeromagnetic data was compared with the terrane boundaries determined from isotopic data. The aeromagnetic data accurately reflect the margin of relatively pristine Archean crust in the study area, but this boundary does not correspond to the Allochthon Boundary Thrust. Instead, this boundary resulted from downcutting of the basal shear zone of the allochthon. This caused décollement of the strongly reworked Archean parautochthon to generate a duplex thrust sheet that was transported northwestwards over pristine Archean crust.



2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald M Ross ◽  
David W Eaton

The western Canadian Shield of northern Alberta is composed of a series of continental slivers that were accreted to the margin of the Archean Rae hinterland ca. 1.9–2.0 Ga., preserving a unique record of continental evolution for the interval 2.1–2.3 Ga. This part of Laurentia owes its preservation to the accretionary style of tectonic assembly south of the Great Slave Lake shear zone, which contrasts with indentation–escape processes that dominate the Paleoproterozoic record farther north. The Buffalo Head and Chinchaga domains form the central core of this region, comprising a collage of ca. 2325–2045 Ma crustal elements formed on an Archean microcontinental edifice, and similar age crust is preserved as basement to the Taltson magmatic zone. The distribution of magmatic ages and inferred collision and subduction zone polarity are used to indicate closure of intervening oceanic basins that led to magmatism and emplacement of continental margin arc and collisional belts that formed from ca. 1998 to1900 Ma. Lithoprobe crustal seismic profiles complement the existing geochronologic and geologic databases for northern Alberta and elucidate the nature of late stages of the accretionary process. Crustal-scale imbrication occurred along shallow eastward-dipping shear zones, resulting in stacking of arc slivers that flanked the western Buffalo Head terrane. The seismic data suggest that strain is concentrated along the margins of these crustal slivers, with sparse evidence for internal penetrative deformation during assembly. Post-collisional mafic magmatism consisted of widespread intrusive sheets, spectacularly imaged as regionally continuous subhorizontal reflections, which are estimated to extend over a region of ca. 120 000 km2. The form of such mid-crustal magmatism, as subhorizontal sheets (versus vertical dykes), is interpreted to represent a style of magma emplacement within a confined block, for which a tectonic free face is unavailable.



2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1927-1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
W M Schwerdtner ◽  
U P Riller ◽  
A Borowik

The Grenville Province and other parts of the Canadian Shield contain major (>100 km long) high-strain zones, also called shear belts or ductile shear zones, that are hosted by heterogeneously deformed gneisses and schists. In well-exposed segments of three nontabular zones whose dip angle is known locally, at the erosion level and (or) in the shallow subsurface, we investigate the tangential shear strain (better called the tangential unit shear or TUS) without assuming that mineral-shape lineations, common varieties of stretching lineations, are effectively parallel to the local TUS direction. Employing a graphic technique that copes with the geometric conditions of general triaxial strain, we approximate the actual direction and find the sense of local TUS in parts of (i) the Parry Sound shear zone, Grenville Province; (ii) the South Range shear zone, Southern Province; and (iii) the Uchi – English River subprovince boundary zone, Superior Province. Information thus obtained for individual high-strain zones in Ontario confirms the validity of published hypotheses: (i) 1020–970 Ma, normal-sense distributed shearing in the Grenvillian thrust stack; (ii) northwest- directed thrusting of Huronian rocks over Archean basement; and (iii) north-directed thrusting of English River metasediments and associated migmatites onto the Uchi granite–greenstone terrain, under peak metamorphic conditions.



2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Corrigan ◽  
Natasha Wodicka ◽  
Christopher McFarlane ◽  
Isabelle Lafrance ◽  
Deanne Van Rooyen ◽  
...  

The Core Zone, a broad region located between the Superior and North Atlantic cratons and predominantly underlain by Archean gneiss and granitoid rocks, remained until recently one of the less well known parts of the Canadian Shield. Previously thought to form part of the Archean Rae Craton, and later referred to as the Southeastern Churchill Province, it has been regarded as an ancient continental block trapped between the Paleoproterozoic Torngat and New Quebec orogens, with its relationships to the adjacent Superior and North Atlantic cratons remaining unresolved. The geochronological data presented herein suggest that the Archean evolution of the Core Zone was distinct from that in both the Superior and North Atlantic (Nain) cratons. Moreover, the Core Zone itself consists of at least three distinct lithotectonic entities with different evolutions, referred to herein as the George River, Mistinibi-Raude and Falcoz River blocks, that are separated by steeply-dipping, crustal-scale shear zones interpreted as paleosutures. Specifically, the George River Block consists of ca. 2.70 Ga supracrustal rocks and associated ca. 2.70–2.57 Ga intrusions. The Mistinibi-Raude Block consists of remnants of a ca. 2.37 Ga volcanic arc intruded by a ca. 2.32 Ga arc plutonic suite (Pallatin) and penecontemporaneous alkali plutons (Pelland and Nekuashu suites). It also hosts a coarse clastic cover sequence (the Hutte Sauvage Group) which contains detrital zircons provided from locally-derived, ca. 2.57–2.50 Ga, 2.37–2.32 Ga, and 2.10–2.08 Ga sources, with the youngest concordant grain dated at 1987 ± 7 Ma. The Falcoz River Block consists of ca. 2.89–2.80 Ga orthogneiss intruded by ca. 2.74–2.70 granite, tonalite, and granodiorite. At the western margin of the Core Zone, the George River Block and Kuujjuaq Domain may have been proximal by ca. 1.84 Ga as both appear to have been sutured by the 1.84–1.82 Ga De Pas Batholith, whereas at its eastern margin, the determination of metamorphic ages of ca. 1.85 to 1.80 Ga in the Falcoz River Block suggests protracted interaction with the adjacent Lac Lomier Complex during their amalgamation and suturing, but with a younger, ‘New Quebec’ overprint as well. The three crustal blocks forming the Core Zone add to a growing list of ‘exotic’ Archean to earliest Paleoproterozoic microcontinents and crustal slices that extend around the Superior Craton from the Grenville Front through Hudson Strait, across Hudson Bay and into Manitoba and Saskatchewan, in what was the Manikewan Ocean realm, which closed between ca. 1.83–1.80 Ga during the formation of supercontinent Nuna.RÉSUMÉLa Zone noyau, une vaste région située entre les cratons du Supérieur et de l’Atlantique Nord et reposant principalement sur des gneiss archéens et des roches granitiques, est demeurée jusqu’à récemment l’une des parties les moins bien connues du Bouclier canadien. Considérée auparavant comme faisant partie du craton archéen de Rae, puis comme la portion sud-est de la Province de Churchill, on l’a perçue comme un ancien bloc continental piégé entre les orogènes paléoprotérozoïques des Torngat et du Nouveau-Québec, ses relations avec les cratons supérieurs adjacents et de l’Atlantique Nord demeurant nébuleuses. Les données géochronologiques présentées ici permettent de penser que l’évolution archéenne de la Zone noyau a été différente de celle des cratons du Supérieur et de l’Atlantique Nord (Nain). De plus, la Zone noyau elle-même se compose d’au moins trois entités lithotectoniques distinctes avec des évolutions différentes, appelées ici les blocs de la rivière George, de Mistinibi-Raude et de la rivière Falcoz, lesquels sont séparées par des zones de cisaillement crustales à forte inclinaison, conçues comme des paléosutures. Plus précisément, le bloc de la rivière George est constitué de roches supracrustales d'env. 2,70 Ga, et d’intrusions connexes d'env. 2,70–2,57 Ga. Le bloc Mistinibi-Raude est constitué de vestiges d’un arc volcanique d'env. 2,37 Ga, recoupé par une suite plutonique d’arc d'env. 2,32 Ga (Pallatin) et de plutons alcalins péné-contemporains (suites Pelland et Nekuashu). Il contient également une séquence de couverture clastique grossière (le groupe Hutte Sauvage) renfermant des zircons détritiques de sources locales, âgés d'env. 2,57–2,50 Ga, 2,37–2,32 Ga et 2,10–2,08 Ga, le grain concordant le plus jeune étant âgé de 1987 ± 7 Ma. Le bloc de la rivière Falcoz est formé d’un orthogneiss âgé d'env. 2,89–2,80 Ga, recoupé par des intrusions de granite, tonalite et granodiorite âgées d'env. 2,74–2,70 Ga. À la marge ouest de la Zone noyau, le bloc de la rivière George et du domaine de Kuujjuaq peuvent avoir été proximaux il y a 1,84 Ga env., car les deux semblent avoir été suturés par le batholithe De Pas il y a environ 1,84–1,82 Ga, alors qu’à sa marge est, la détermination des datations métamorphiques de 1,85 à 1,80 Ga dans le bloc de la rivière Falcoz suggère une interaction prolongée avec le complexe adjacent du lac Lomier durant leur amalgamation et leur suture, mais affecté aussi d’une surimpression « Nouveau Québec » plus jeune. Les trois blocs crustaux formant la Zone noyau s’ajoutent à une liste croissante de micro-continents et d’écailles crustales « exotiques » archéennes à paléoprotérozoïques très précoces qui s’étalent autour du craton Supérieur depuis le front de Grenville jusqu’au Manitoba, à travers le détroit d’Hudson, la baie d’Hudson jusque dans le Manitoba et la Saskatchewan, là où s’étendait l’océan Manikewan, lequel s’est refermé il y a environ 1,83–1,80 Ga, pendant la formation du supercontinent Nuna.



1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. A. Symons ◽  
A. D. Chiasson

The 7 km2 circular Callander alkaline complex was emplaced into anorthositic and granitic gneisses of the Grenville Province in the Canadian Shield about 575 ± 5 Ma ago at the start of the Cambrian. The complex has not been subsequently metamorphosed or tilted. Detailed alternating-field and thermal step demagnetization of 252 specimens from 29 sites led to the identification of a characteristic A magnetization component with a direction of D = 82.2°, I = 82.7° (α95 = 3.1°, k = 83, N = 26 sites) in 5 sites of mesocratic to leucocratic syenite from the core of the complex, in 5 sites of fenitized host rock from its aureole, and in 16 sites of lamprophyre from radiating dikes. Isothermal remanent-magnetization tests show that the A component is retained by both magnetite and hematite in a complete spectrum of domain sizes. A reversals test suggests and a contact test shows the A component to be primary. Its pole position at 46.3°S, 121.4°E(dp = 5.9°, dm = 6.1°) does not fall on published but poorly defined Cambrian apparent polar wander paths, leading to speculation on an alternative Cambrian path.



Author(s):  
Sonny Tasidjawa ◽  
Stephanus V Mandagi ◽  
Ridwan Lasabuda

Bahoi village is located in West Likupang District of North Minahasa Regency. It is one of the villages that is included in the conservation network of North Sulawesi Province. A marine sanctuary has been established in this village in 2003 and it has been managed by local community, known as community-based marine sanctuary management, since then, this sanctuary has been in operation. As a small community-based marine protected area with lots of users, it requires an appropriate method to determine the Core Zone that allows an effective preservation of the marine biota. This is the driving factor of this study.  The purpose of this study is to examine the processes and output of determining the core zone of a Marine Sanctuary using a conventional method and Marxan Method. The conventional method is a simple method in determining a core zone such as using manta tow technique. While Marxan, it only requires input of data such as spatial and figures to generate information for determining the core zone. After comparing the processes of these two methods in the study site, it was found that Marxan method was more effective and more accurate with lower costs than the conventional one. In addition, the final decision of the core zone depended on the outcome of the village meetings when the conventional method was applied. This long process could be avoided when Marxan method was used. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use Marxan in determining core zones© Desa Bahoi terletak di Kecamatan Likupang Barat Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Desa ini merupakan salah satu desa yang masuk dalam jejaringan kawasan konservasi di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Sebuah Daerah Perlindungan Laut telah didirikan di desa ini pada tahun 2003 dan dikelolah oleh masyarakat setempat, yang dikenal sebagai pengelolaan Daerah Perlindungan Laut Berbasis Masyarakat, sejak saat itu Daerah Perlindungan Laut ini telah beroperasi. Sebagai Daerah Perlindungan Laut Berbasis Masyarakat yang kecil namun memiliki banyak pengguna, diperlukan metode tepat yang akan menentukan Zona Inti yang memungkinkan pelestarian biota laut menjadi sangat efektif. Ini adalah faktor pendorong dari penelitian. Selanjutnya, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji proses dan hasil penentuan zona inti Daerah Perlindungan Laut dengan menggunakan metode konvensional seperti survei manta tow dan marxan. Metode konvensional adalah metode sederhana dalam menentukan zona inti seperti teknik manta tow. Sedangkan marxan, hanya perlu memasukan data seperti spasial dan angka untuk menghasilkan informasi penentuan zona inti. Setelah membandingkan proses dari dua metode di lokasi penelitian, ditemukan bahwa metode marxan jauh lebih baik dari pada metode konvensional, karena lebih efektif, lebih akurat dengan biaya yang lebih rendah. Selain itu, keputusan akhir dari zona inti tergantung pada hasil rapat desa ketika metode konvensional diterapkan, proses panjang ini dapat dihindari jika metode marxan digunakan©



2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Farnis B Boneka ◽  
N Gustaf F Mamangkey

Corallivorous gastropods, Drupella cornus are living in the Indo Pacific coral reefs. To assess the distribution of the snails at Bunaken National Park in Indonesia, a study has been conducted on three zones established in three main islands of the park: core, tourism, and exploitation zones. The zones represent degrees of human interventions in which the least intervention is for core zone, moderate for tourism zone and high for the exploitation zone. The results showed that degrees of human interventions are related to the density of snails where the least human intervention zone (the core zone) had low numbers of snails while the high human intervention (exploitation) zone had high numbers of snails. Three corals in the zones that were preferred by the snails were: Montipora spp., Acropora spp., and Porites spp. The numbers of snails living on the corals followed the percent of coral cover© Gastropod pemakan polip karang, Drupella cornus hidup di areal terumbu karang Indo-Pasifik. Untuk mengetahui distribusi dari siput di Taman Nasional Bunaken, sebuah studi telah dilakukan pada tiga zona yang ditetapkan di tiga pulau utama di taman nasional ini: zona inti, zona pariwisata, dan zona pemanfaatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tinggi-rendahnya intervensi manusia berhubungan dengan kepadatan siput di mana zona yang memiliki intervensi terendah (zona inti) memiliki jumlah siput sedikit sementara zona dengan intervensi tertinggi (zone pemanfaatan) memiliki jumlah siput terbanyak. Tiga spesies karang di ketiga zona ini yang disukai oleh siput adalah Montipora spp., Acropora spp., and Porites spp. Jumlah siput yang hidup di karang mengikuti jumlah persen tutupan karang©



2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J White ◽  
D A Forsyth ◽  
I Asudeh ◽  
S D Carr ◽  
H Wu ◽  
...  

A schematic crustal cross-section is presented for the southwestern Grenville Province based on reprocessed Lithoprobe near-vertical incidence seismic reflection data and compiled seismic refraction - wide-angle velocity models interpreted with geological constraints. The schematic crustal architecture of the southwest Grenville Province from southeast to northwest comprises allochthonous crustal elements (Frontenac-Adirondack Belt and Composite Arc Belt) that were assembled prior to ca. 1160 Ma, and then deformed and transported northwest over reworked rocks of pre-Grenvillian Laurentia and the Laurentian margin primarily between 1120 and 980 Ma. Reworked pre-Grenvillian Laurentia and Laurentian margin rocks are interpreted to extend at least 350 km southeast of the Grenville Front beneath all of the Composite Arc Belt. Three major structural boundary zones (the Grenville Front and adjacent Grenville Front Tectonic Zone, the Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary thrust zone, and the Elzevir-Frontenac boundary zone) have been identified across the region of the cross-section based on their prominent geophysical signatures comprising broad zones of southeast-dipping reflections and shallowing of mid-crustal velocity contours by 12-15 km. The structural boundary zones accommodated southeast over northwest crustal stacking at successively earlier times during orogeny (ca. 1010-980 Ma, 1080-1060 Ma, and 1170-1160 Ma, respectively). These shear zones root within an interpreted gently southeast-dipping regional décollement at a depth of 25-30 km corresponding to the top of a high-velocity lower crustal layer.



2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Perry ◽  
Carmen Rosieanu ◽  
Jean-Claude Mareschal ◽  
Claude Jaupart

Geothermal studies were conducted within the framework of Lithoprobe to systematically document variations of heat flow and surface heat production in the major geological provinces of the Canadian Shield. One of the main conclusions is that in the Shield the variations in surface heat flow are dominated by the crustal heat generation. Horizontal variations in mantle heat flow are too small to be resolved by heat flow measurements. Different methods constrain the mantle heat flow to be in the range of 12–18 mW·m–2. Most of the heat flow anomalies (high and low) are due to variations in crustal composition and structure. The vertical distribution of radioelements is characterized by a differentiation index (DI) that measures the ratio of the surface to the average crustal heat generation in a province. Determination of mantle temperatures requires the knowledge of both the surface heat flow and DI. Mantle temperatures increase with an increase in surface heat flow but decrease with an increase in DI. Stabilization of the crust is achieved by crustal differentiation that results in decreasing temperatures in the lower crust. Present mantle temperatures inferred from xenolith studies and variations in mantle seismic P-wave velocity (Pn) from seismic refraction surveys are consistent with geotherms calculated from heat flow. These results emphasize that deep lithospheric temperatures do not always increase with an increase in the surface heat flow. The dense data coverage that has been achieved in the Canadian Shield allows some discrimination between temperature and composition effects on seismic velocities in the lithospheric mantle.



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