Stability of physiological and behavioural determinants of performance in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)

The physiological and behavioural mechanisms that confer behavioural dominance are poorly understood. Although recent studies have shown a link between metabolism and dominance, these studies relied on single measurements of both, and assumed that inter-individual variation of physiology and behaviour were repeatable over time. This paper demonstrates that standard metabolic rate is a repeatable trait in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) and that relative differences between individuals are consistent across a range of environmental conditions. Furthermore, there were positive associations between metabolic rate, aggression, and competitive ability that were also repeatable over time. However, there was no relationship between competitive ability (measured as feeding attempts) and subsequent growth. This may be due to an energetic cost of dominance: high rates of food capture were only attainable through high rates of effort. This, in addition to elevated aggression, was thought to exert an energetic cost that could not be fully offset by the increased food intake.

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Body temperature and standard metabolic rate of the female viviparous lizard Eremias multiocellata during reproduction

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z11-116 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 79-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Feng Yue ◽

Xiao-Long Tang ◽

De-Jiu Zhang ◽

Xue-Feng Yan ◽

Ying Xin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Standard Metabolic Rate ◽

The Body ◽

Energetic Cost ◽

Pregnant Females ◽

Eremias Multiocellata

The body temperature (Tb) and standard metabolic rate (SMR) of female Eremias multiocellata Günther, 1872, a viviparous lizard, were measured at 25, 30, and 35 °C during pregnancy and after parturition to assess energy requirement of reproduction. The results showed that the Tbs of female lizards were slightly higher than actual ambient temperature in the 25 and 30 °C groups, while they were slightly lower than ambient temperature in the 35 °C group. Ambient temperature significantly affected SMR and gestation period of females. Energy requirement was constant in nonpregnant females, whereas it was increased in pregnant females. The maximal estimates of maintenance costs of pregnancy (MCP) were 4.219, 4.220, and 4.448 mg CO2·min–1, which accounted for 19.40%, 14.15%, and 12.32% of the total metabolic rate in the 25, 30, and 35 °C group, respectively. The results indicated the MCP was an important component of total energy cost for the lizard E. multiocellata and the MCP in this lizard incurs a relative fixed energetic cost irrespective of ambient temperature.

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Respiration in relation to ion uptake in the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet)

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.63.3.689 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 689-699

Author(s):

D. W. Sutcliffe ◽

T. R. Carrick

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Ion Transport ◽

Standard Metabolic Rate ◽

Ion Uptake ◽

Energetic Cost ◽

O2 Uptake ◽

Thermodynamic Work ◽

Salt Depletion ◽

The Mean ◽

Free Media

1. O2 uptake was determined for periods of 23–46 h in salt-depleted crayfish held in deionized water (DW) or Na-free media at 10 degrees C. These media were replaced by artificial lakewater media (ALW) containing 0-2-0-6 mM Na and O2 uptake was again determined for periods of 24–66 h. 2. During net ion uptake in ALW the metabolic rate was either elevated or depressed. Standard metabolism in ALW altered by amounts equivalent to 0-1 - 15–5% (mean 6-4 (15) +/− 4–4% S. D.) of the metabolic rate measured during salt-depletion. On three occasions the metabolic rate was elevated by 22-0 - 66–7%, but some of this increase may have been due to locomotor activity. 3. The calculated values for thermodynamic work involved in ion transport were 0–056 - 0–268 J/10 g. h at 10 degrees C, or 1-5 - 7-2% of the mean standard metabolic rate. Most of the observed changes in metabolic rate lie within the limits of experimental error (ca. +/− 7%). Hence the energetic cost of ion transport is too small for direct measurement in intact crayfish.

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Temperature acclimation rate of aerobic scope and feeding metabolism in fishes: implications in a thermally extreme future

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2014.1490 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 281 (1794) ◽

pp. 20141490 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Erik Sandblom ◽

Albin Gräns ◽

Michael Axelsson ◽

Henrik Seth

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Time Course ◽

Standard Metabolic Rate ◽

Temperature Acclimation ◽

Specific Dynamic Action ◽

Energetic Cost ◽

Aerobic Scope ◽

Postprandial Metabolism ◽

Myoxocephalus Scorpius ◽

Maximum Metabolic Rate

Temperature acclimation may offset the increased energy expenditure (standard metabolic rate, SMR) and reduced scope for activity (aerobic scope, AS) predicted to occur with local and global warming in fishes and other ectotherms. Yet, the time course and mechanisms of this process is little understood. Acclimation dynamics of SMR, maximum metabolic rate, AS and the specific dynamic action of feeding (SDA) were determined in shorthorn sculpin ( Myoxocephalus scorpius ) after transfer from 10°C to 16°C. SMR increased in the first week by 82% reducing AS to 55% of initial values, while peak postprandial metabolism was initially greater. This meant that the estimated AS during peak SDA approached zero, constraining digestion and leaving little room for additional aerobic processes. After eight weeks at 16°C, SMR was restored, while AS and the estimated AS during peak SDA recovered partly. Collectively, this demonstrated a considerable capacity for metabolic thermal compensation, which should be better incorporated into future models on organismal responses to climate change. A mathematical model based on the empirical data suggested that phenotypes with fast acclimation rates may be favoured by natural selection as the accumulated energetic cost of a slow acclimation rate increases in a warmer future with exacerbated thermal variations.

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The capelin invasion: evidence for a trophic shift in Arctic char populations from the Cumberland Sound region

Arctic Science ◽

10.1139/as-2020-0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kendra Lyn Ulrich ◽

Ross F. Tallman

Keyword(s):

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Isotope Analysis ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Trophic Niche ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Population Characteristics ◽

Individual Growth ◽

Δ13c And Δ15n ◽

Cumberland Sound ◽

Over Time

Climate change is having myriad effects on Arctic marine ecosystems and food webs. Anadromous Arctic Char, Salvelinus alpinus, feed intensively at sea during summer. In Cumberland Sound, NU, there has been a recent increased availability of a forage fish, Capelin. To investigate changes over time in Arctic Char foraging, we assessed Arctic Char trophic niche from 2002 to 2011 using stomach content analysis and stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of muscle tissue from two river/lake systems, Isuituq and Kipisa. We also compared population characteristics by calculating Fulton’s condition factor (K) and by fitting von Bertalanffy growth curves with length-at-age data. Results revealed Capelin newly present in the diets of Arctic Char in 2011, describing a shift from a primarily invertebrate-based to a fish-based diet. No trend in δ15N (del 15N) over time suggests the trophic level of Arctic Char has not changed; however, the δ15C (del 15C) for both systems converged in 2011 on a value suggestive of feeding on Capelin. Growth curves and length-at-age analyses suggest that foraging on Capelin may have increased individual growth. Changes in the growth and condition of Arctic Char in this region could have significant economic and cultural implications.

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Energetic savings and cardiovascular dynamics of a marine euryhaline fish (Myoxocephalus scorpius) in reduced salinity

Journal of Comparative Physiology B ◽

10.1007/s00360-020-01336-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 191 (2) ◽

pp. 301-311

Author(s):

Erika Sundell ◽

Daniel Morgenroth ◽

Andreas Ekström ◽

Jeroen Brijs ◽

Michael Axelsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Plasma Osmolality ◽

Standard Metabolic Rate ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Energetic Cost ◽

Routine Metabolic Rate ◽

Shorthorn Sculpin ◽

Myoxocephalus Scorpius ◽

Reduced Water

AbstractFew studies have addressed how reduced water salinity affects cardiovascular and metabolic function in marine euryhaline fishes, despite its relevance for predicting impacts of natural salinity variations and ongoing climate change on marine fish populations. Here, shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) were subjected to different durations of reduced water salinity from 33 to 15 ppt. Routine metabolic rate decreased after short-term acclimation (4–9 days) to 15 ppt, which corresponded with similar reductions in cardiac output. Likewise, standard metabolic rate decreased after acute transition (3 h) from 33 to 15 ppt, suggesting a reduced energetic cost of osmoregulation at 15 ppt. Interestingly, gut blood flow remained unchanged across salinities, which contrasts with previous findings in freshwater euryhaline teleosts (e.g., rainbow trout) exposed to different salinities. Although plasma osmolality, [Na+], [Cl−] and [Ca2+] decreased in 15 ppt, there were no signs of cellular osmotic stress as plasma [K+], [hemoglobin] and hematocrit remained unchanged. Taken together, our data suggest that shorthorn sculpin are relatively weak plasma osmoregulators that apply a strategy whereby epithelial ion transport mechanisms are partially maintained across salinities, while plasma composition is allowed to fluctuate within certain ranges. This may have energetic benefits in environments where salinity naturally fluctuates, and could provide shorthorn sculpin with competitive advantages if salinity fluctuations intensify with climate change in the future.

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Associations between metabolic traits and growth rate in brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) depend on thermal regime

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2021.1509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 288 (1959) ◽

pp. 20211509

Author(s):

Louise C. Archer ◽

Stephen A. Hutton ◽

Luke Harman ◽

W. Russell Poole ◽

Patrick Gargan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Brown Trout ◽

Thermal Regime ◽

Salmo Trutta ◽

Standard Metabolic Rate ◽

Energetic Cost ◽

Fluctuating Selection ◽

Metabolic Traits ◽

Spatio Temporal

Metabolism defines the energetic cost of life, yet we still know relatively little about why intraspecific variation in metabolic rate arises and persists. Spatio-temporal variation in selection potentially maintains differences, but relationships between metabolic traits (standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope) and fitness across contexts are unresolved. We show that associations between SMR, MMR, and growth rate (a key fitness-related trait) vary depending on the thermal regime (a potential selective agent) in offspring of wild-sampled brown trout from two populations reared for approximately 15 months in either a cool or warm (+1.8°C) regime. SMR was positively related to growth in the cool, but negatively related in the warm regime. The opposite patterns were found for MMR and growth associations (positive in warm, negative in the cool regime). Mean SMR, but not MMR, was lower in warm regimes within both populations (i.e. basal metabolic costs were reduced at higher temperatures), consistent with an adaptive acclimation response that optimizes growth. Metabolic phenotypes thus exhibited a thermally sensitive metabolic ‘floor’ and a less flexible metabolic ‘ceiling’. Our findings suggest a role for growth-related fluctuating selection in shaping patterns of metabolic variation that is likely important in adapting to climate change.

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