The effect of acute changes in temperature and light on the aerobic metabolism of embryos and yolk-sac larvae of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1324-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick Nigel Finn ◽  
Ivar Rønnestad
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Scophthalmus Maximus ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Turbot Scophthalmus Maximus ◽  
Acute Changes

The effect of acute changes of temperature and light on the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) reared at 15 °C were studied. Short-term temperature adjustments of ±2 °C gave a mean Q10 of 2.6 for the rate of oxygen consumption. Neither the presence nor the absence of light significantly influenced this response to acute temperature changes, despite light causing a significantly higher rate of oxygen consumption in the yolk-sac larvae between 9 and 12 days after fertilisation. This elevated metabolic rate in the presence of light occurred after pigmentation of the eyes and was probably due to activity associated with food-searching behaviour of this visual feeder. Similarly, for most development, the presence or absence of light and acute temperature adjustments did not cause any significant shift in the relative fraction of amino acids catabolised at 15 °C. However, on day 10 after fertilisation when peak rates of oxygen consumption occurred in the yolk-sac larvae exposed to light, the significantly elevated apparent nitrogen quotients indicated that greater amounts of amino acids were utilised for catabolic substrate oxidation.

The effect of replacing fishmeal with carbohydrate on the feed intake and growth of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
I. E. Calcedo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Scophthalmus Maximus ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Raw Fish ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Turbot Scophthalmus Maximus

The feeding of turbot during the on-growing phase is done with highly proteinaceous feeds, raw fish and fish meal being the main ingredients. The protein of these feeds is used inefficiently because the amino acids of the protein are metabolised to produce energy instead of contributing to protein growth (Cacho et al. , 1990). Alternative sources of energy, such as carbohydrate, are known to spare protein (Hepher, 1986). The aim of this experiment was to test the idea that fish given free access to feeds with different protein: carbohydrate ratios will (a) eat enough feed to meet their protein requirement and (b) maximise their efficiency of use of protein for growth when a sufficient supply of an alternative source of energy (carbohydrate) is available.

Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes, thyroid hormones and cortisol in developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Aquaculture ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 479 ◽  
pp. 704-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehong Tong ◽  
Xiaolan Yang ◽  
Chengman Bao ◽  
Xinhui Tang ◽  
Jialian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Scophthalmus Maximus ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Turbot Scophthalmus Maximus

The oxygen uptake of Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma equiperdum, with especial reference to oxygen consumption in the presence of amino-acids

Parasitology ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
June P. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Trypanosoma Lewisi ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

1. Standard conditions are described for preparing suspensions of washed Trypanosoma lewisi and T. equiperdum in modified Ringer–phosphate solution.2. Oxygen consumption was measured with differential manometers, using microflasks containing 2–5 × 107 trypanosomes in 0·9 ml. of reaction mixture. Measurements of oxygen uptake were carried out at 37° C.3. T. lewisi respired slowly in the absence of substrate for up to 2 hr. The trypanosomes suffered little damage when stored at 5° C. for 24 hr. without substrate. No oxygen uptake was observed with T. equiperdum in the absence of substrate. The trypanosomes were viable after 24 hr. at 5° C. with glucose or glycerol as substrate, but not in the absence of substrate.4. With glucose as substrate, the rate of oxygen consumption by T. lewisi increased with the age of infection. This change was more marked with glutamine as substrate.5. With glucosamine as substrate, the oxygen uptake of T. lewisi was at a slightly lower rate than with glucose. The rate of oxygen uptake was still lower with Na l-glutamic acid, asparagine, aspartic acid, casein hydrolysate, yeast extract and Difco Bacto-peptone. Thirteen other amino-acids had no effect on the motility of the trypanosomes.6. With glycerol as substrate, the oxygen uptake of T. equiperdum was at a slightly lower rate than with glucose. The rate of oxygen uptake was very low with yeast extract, casein hydrolysate and Difco Bacto-peptone. No oxygen uptake or motility was recorded with glutamine, Na l-glutamic acid, glucosamine, asparagine, aspartic acid, dl-alanine, or Na acetate. Thirteen other amino-acids had no effect on the motility of the trypanosomes.7. Ammonia was liberated from glutamine by adult and reproductive phase T. lewisi.

Size Fluctuation in The Eggs and Newly Hatched Larvae of Captive Turbot (Scophthalmus Maximus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Ann Mcevoy ◽  
John Mcevoy
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Scophthalmus Maximus ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Larval Length ◽  
Turbot Scophthalmus Maximus ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Seasonal Decline

The aims of this study were to ascertain if individual turbot females show a seasonal decline in their egg-size when kept in conditions of constant temperature, and to relate turbot egg-size to the length and yolk-sac index of the emergent larva. Each female showed a significant seasonal egg-size decline and there was a positive correlation between egg-size and the length and yolk-sac index of the subsequent larva. However, larval length was not related to yolk-sac index, nor was the ratio of yolk-sac index: larval length related to egg-size. The maximum mean egg-size tended to increase with the female's weight and length. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the general ecology of turbot and its culture.

scholarly journals Effect of protein deprivation on erythropoiesis

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1097
Author(s):  
A Anagnostou ◽  
S Schade ◽  
M Ashkinaz ◽  
J Barone ◽  
W Fried
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Protein Deprivation ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Single Protein ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Protein Free Diet

The effects of protein deprivation on erythropoietin (Ep) production were studied. The posthypoxia plasma Ep levels of rats fed a protein- free diet for only 1 day prior to being exposed to 0.5 atmosphere for 7 hr were significantly lower than those of comparably hypoxic rats maintained on a normal diet. The postthypoxia plasma Ep levels were even lower in rats kept on protein-depleted diets for longer periods of time. Rats fed diets with 0.5%, 5% or 12% protein content for 6 days had lower posthypoxia plasma Ep levels than those fed a normal diet (20% protein content). When a single protein meal was force-fed to protein-deprived rats 0–4 hr after initiating the exposure to hypoxia, the posthypoxia plasma Ep levels were significantly higher than in protein-deprived rats that were fed water or dextrose. The posthypoxia plasma Ep titers of protein-deprived rats fed protein 4–8 hr prior to exposure to hypoxia did not differ significantly from those of protein- deprived rats. Although the posthypoxia plasma Ep levels of protein- deprived rats fed a hemolysate containing 0.8 g of hemoglobin 4 hr after beginning hypoxia were greater than those of protein-deprived rats fed only water, the rate of oxygen consumption in these two groups did not differ. We conclude that, in addition to its response to the availability of oxygen, Ep production is infl,enced by the availability of amino acids.

scholarly journals Utilisation of substrates during tethered flight with and without lift generation in the African fruit beetle Pachnoda sinuata (Cetoniinae).

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (15) ◽  
pp. 2333-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Auerswald ◽  
P Schneider ◽  
G Gäde
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Glycogen Level ◽  
Tethered Flight ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Flight Muscles

We have investigated the pattern of metabolic changes during tethered flight with and without lift generation in the African fruit beetle Pachnoda sinuata. Two distinct metabolic phases occur during lift-generating flight. The first phase is characterised by a high rate of oxygen consumption and a rapid change in proline and alanine levels in the haemolymph and flight muscles and in glycogen level in the flight muscles. Carbohydrates are released from the fat body into the haemolymph. These carbohydrates are oxidised during the second phase. Changes in proline and alanine levels in the haemolymph and flight muscles and in glycogen level in the flight muscles are minor during the second phase and the rate of oxygen consumption is reduced. During lift-generating flight, metabolic changes are rapid. Proline concentrations in the haemolymph and flight muscles fall dramatically during the first 30 s of flight, while alanine concentrations rise concomitantly. While haemolymph concentrations of proline and alanine remain virtually unchanged thereafter, further changes in the levels of these amino acids occur in the flight muscles during 5 min of flight. The initial levels of the two amino acids in the flight muscles are re-established over 1 h of rest following a 5 min flight, while this process takes longer in the haemolymph. The concentration of haemolymph carbohydrates increases during the first 30 s of flight and declines thereafter during 5 min of flight. The pre-flight levels are restored after 1 h of subsequent rest. The stores of glycogen in the flight muscles are rapidly diminished during the first 10 s of flight and decrease at a lower rate during further flight lasting up to 5 min. A subsequent 1 h of rest is sufficient almost to restore pre-flight levels. Haemolymph lipid levels are slightly but significantly increased during 11 min of flight and after 1 h of subsequent rest. During flight without lift production, the metabolic changes are considerably slower and beetles fly approximately seven times longer than during lift-generating flight. Resting basalar (BM), dorso-ventral (DVM) and dorso-longitudinal (DLM) flight muscles show no differences in levels of proline, alanine and glycogen. After different periods of flight, during which lift and wing loading were minimised, the DVM was found to have the highest level of proline after 5 min of flight. Levels of alanine in the DVM were lower than in the DLM. There was no evidence to suggest that different flight muscles are specialised for either proline or carbohydrate utilisation. Proline and carbohydrates participate equally in supplying energy to the flight muscles during lift-generating flight. The contribution to the energy supply by the flight muscles is 54 %, while that of the haemolymph is 46 %.

scholarly journals An apparent specific dynamic action in Mytilus edulis L.

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Bayne ◽  
C. Scullard
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Dynamic Action ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
High Level

The results of experiments recorded by Bayne & Scullard (1977) confirmed earlier studies (Bayne, 1973) in describing a decline in the rate of oxygen uptake (Vo2) by Mytilus edulis during starvation, eventually reaching a steady-state value, called the standard rate of oxygen consumption. Earlier experiments had also shown that if such starved mussels were fed, oxygen uptake increased rapidly to a high level called the active rate of oxygen consumption (Thompson & Bayne, 1972; Bayne, Thompson & Widdows, 1973). Some of this increase in metabolic rate is undoubtedly due to an increased filtration rate that is stimulated by the presence of food (the ‘mechanical cost of feeding’ discussed by Bayne et al. 1976), and part is due to the ‘physiological costs of feeding’, which includes energy utilized in digestion and assimilation of the food, and energy that is lost during deamination and other catabolic processes that accompany digestion (Warren & Davis, 1967). Increases in metabolic rate associated with feeding have been called the specific dynamic action (SDA) of the ration (see Harper, 1971, for a discussion) or the apparent SDA (Beamish, 1974)5 and they have been related to aspects of protein metabolism (Krebs, 1964). This paper describes the results of some experiments designed to examine the relationships between SDA and ammonia excretion in Mytilus edulis L.

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