The Oxygen Supply to Salmon Eggs in Spawning Beds

1954 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Percy Wickett
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Flow Section ◽  
Apparent Velocity ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Salmon Eggs ◽  
Controlled Flow

By using standpipes set 12 inches into the stream bottom the oxygen content and apparent velocity of the gravel water in the controlled-flow section of Nile Creek were observed. Values of dissolved oxygen content and velocity that just supply the full oxygen demand of salmon eggs were defined. The high mortalities of chum salmon eggs in the pre-eyed stage, that have been found in certain areas, may be explained on the basis that oxygen demands of 0.00013 to 0.0003 mg./egg/hr. at temperatures of 0.1° to 8.2 °C. were not being met, owing to very low oxygen content or very low apparent velocity of the water in the gravel. Values as low as 0.2 p.p.m. and 2 mm./hr. were recorded. A portable gravel-water sampler is described, which can be used (1) to obtain samples of subsurface water for the determination of dissolved oxygen; and (2) to calculate apparent velocity of gravel water from rate of dilution of an added dye.

scholarly journals Ocean deoxygenation, the global phosphorus cycle and the possibility of human-caused large-scale ocean anoxia

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2102) ◽  
pp. 20160318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Watson ◽  
Timothy M. Lenton ◽  
Benjamin J. W. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Phosphorus Cycle ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Positive Feedbacks ◽  
Future Possibility ◽  
Warming World ◽  
Ocean Deoxygenation

The major biogeochemical cycles that keep the present-day Earth habitable are linked by a network of feedbacks, which has led to a broadly stable chemical composition of the oceans and atmosphere over hundreds of millions of years. This includes the processes that control both the atmospheric and oceanic concentrations of oxygen. However, one notable exception to the generally well-behaved dynamics of this system is the propensity for episodes of ocean anoxia to occur and to persist for 10 5 –10 6 years, these ocean anoxic events (OAEs) being particularly associated with warm ‘greenhouse’ climates. A powerful mechanism responsible for past OAEs was an increase in phosphorus supply to the oceans, leading to higher ocean productivity and oxygen demand in subsurface water. This can be amplified by positive feedbacks on the nutrient content of the ocean, with low oxygen promoting further release of phosphorus from ocean sediments, leading to a potentially self-sustaining condition of deoxygenation. We use a simple model for phosphorus in the ocean to explore this feedback, and to evaluate the potential for humans to bring on global-scale anoxia by enhancing P supply to the oceans. While this is not an immediate global change concern, it is a future possibility on millennial and longer time scales, when considering both phosphate rock mining and increased chemical weathering due to climate change. Ocean deoxygenation, once begun, may be self-sustaining and eventually could result in long-lasting and unpleasant consequences for the Earth's biosphere. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.

STUDY ON THE BIODEGRADATION OF OIL SPILLED ON THE SEA

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 989-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Jianqiang ◽  
Zhu Junhuang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT Three major factors affecting the biodegradation of spilled oil (chemical composition of spilled oil, dissolved oxygen content in water, and nutrient elements for microorganisms) were analysed. The sequences of biodegradation rates of some hydrocarbon compounds are summarized. The oxygen demand for biodegradation of 1 g of hydrocarbons was derived as 3 to 4 g. The maximum ratio of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) that microorganisms need was suggested as C:N:P = 100:7:0.14.

Measuring Seepage through Salmon Spawning Gravel

1955 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 706-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Seepage Rate ◽  
Groundwater Seepage ◽  
Salmon Eggs ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Stream Bed

The rate of oxygen supply to salmon eggs incubating in a stream bed depends on the oxygen concentration in the groundwater and the rate of seepage through the redd. Wickett (1954) devised a simple field method of both sampling the groundwater for the determination of its dissolved oxygen content and measuring the seepage rate, using one tool, a standpipe. The theory of seepage is outlined to show the factors governing the velocity of flow through a redd. Alternative ways of measuring this velocity were examined; the best one is a modification of Wickett's procedure using a similar standpipe. A new field procedure for measuring the oxygen concentration and groundwater seepage rate in a stream bed is recommended.

Oxygen budget for an urban estuary

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
DW Connell ◽  
HC Morton ◽  
BM Bycroft
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Benthic Respiration ◽  
Oxygen Budget ◽  
Urban Estuary ◽  
Benthic Sediments ◽  
Plant Respiration

Various processes affecting the dissolved oxygen content of waters of the Norman Creek estuary, Brisbane, were measured or estimated and standardized for the mid tide daylight situation. Over a 9-week period, accrual, aeration and photosynthetic processes resulted in the daily addition of 76,225 and 214 kg oxygen, respectively, and export, deaeration, biochemical oxygen demand, plant respiration and benthic respiration in the daily loss of 30, 89, 91, 97 and 335 kg oxygen, respectively. These processes are highly dynamic, with substantial daily turnover in the water mass. Benthic sediments; enriched with organic matter, exercise a major influence on the dissolved oxygen content of the water.

A procedure for short-term bioassay tests on industrial effluents of low oxygen content

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 794-795
Author(s):  
G. Ozburn ◽  
J. Kraft ◽  
L. Somppi
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Low Dissolved Oxygen

Oxygenation of industrial effluents with a low dissolved oxygen content has been achieved by a method which greatly reduces the possibility of stripping volatile toxins within the effluent. The decrease in toxicity that occurs if a sample is aerated with a bubbler before testing can be shown clearly with this procedure.

Some Effects of Temporary Exposure to Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels on Pacific Salmon Eggs

1958 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Alderdice ◽  
W. P. Wickett ◽  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Low Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Levels

Eggs of the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were exposed to various constant levels of dissolved oxygen for a period of seven days. The procedure was repeated with fresh egg samples at various developmental stages. Temperatures were constant at 10 °C. from fertilization to hatching. Estimates of oxygen consumption uninhibited by low dissolved oxygen levels were obtained at various stages of egg development for whole eggs and also on the basis of the weight of larvae, excluding the yolk. Eggs were most sensitive to hypoxia between 100–200 Centigrade degree-days and compensated for reduced oxygen availability by reducing the oxygen demand and rate of development. Very low oxygen levels at early incubation stages resulted in the production of monstrosities. At about the time the circulatory system becomes functional the compensatory reduction in rate of growth under hypoxial conditions is reduced, but eggs no longer survive extreme hypoxial conditions. Eggs subjected to low dissolved oxygen levels just prior to hatching hatch prematurely at a rate dependent on the degree of hypoxia. The maximum premature hatching rate corresponded approximately with the median lethal oxygen level. Estimated median lethal levels rose slowly from fertilization to hatching. Oxygen consumption per egg rose from fertilization to hatching while the consumption per gram of larval tissue declined from a high to a low level at about the time of blastopore closure. Subsequently, a slight rise in the rate occurred up to a level which was more or less constant to hatching. "Critical" dissolved oxygen levels were calculated and they appear to define the oxygen level above which respiratory rate is unmodified by oxygen availability. Critical levels ranged from about 1 p.p.m. in early stages to over 7 p.p.m. shortly before hatching.

Design of Water Dissolved Oxygen Test System

2011 ◽  
Vol 467-469 ◽  
pp. 1189-1192
Author(s):  
Ju Xiang Wang ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Oxygen Sensor ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Test System ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Determination

The amount of the dissolved oxygen in the water is an important index for the fishery breeding. This design is intended to avoid the negligence in fishery breeding because farmers failed to increase the oxygen to the pond, which led to the death of fish, also discussed the influence of algae water pollution, temperature and water depth on the determination. The design using acidic gel electrolyte original battery coated in oxygen sensors as oxygen sensor，AT89S52 SCM system as the oxygen determination and control system, SCM control relay to control the opened and closed of aerator. To improve the accuracy of oxygen collection, this design uses three oxygen sensor at different positions turns sequential sampling in the pond, by the A/D converter into SCM and corresponding control signal. If the average value of oxygen content in the pool below the lowest oxygen resistance of fish aerator would be opened, to ensure the lowest oxygen content so that fish will avoid death. Avoid the economic losses caused by the fish death as farmers fail to open aerator timely, that because of the low oxygen content cause by the sudden changes of light, temperature, pressure and so on. At the same time the design will always show the oxygen content at all times, so that oxygen contents can be adjusted according to the numerical value in the pond, to achieve optimal oxygen content and improve the standard of fish feed conversion rate and growth rate.

scholarly journals Ecological characteristic of water in the Eastern Bosporus Strait by oxygen parameters

2015 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Nadezhda K. Khristoforova ◽  
Alexander A. Emelyanov ◽  
Ksenia S. Berdasova ◽  
Yulia E. Degteva
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Peter The Great Bay ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
High Water ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
University Campus ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Peter The Great

Spatial distribution and seasonal variability of the basic ecological parameters for marine water, as dissolved oxygen content, biochemical oxygen demand, and permanganate oxidizability are considered for the Eastern Bosporus Strait (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea) on the data obtained in autumn, spring and summer seasons of 2013-2014, with special attention to the Ajax and Paris Bights of Russky Island on the southern coast of the Strait, changed significantly after construction of new university campus and marine aquarium. Normal oxygen regime is observed over the whole strait in autumn, but cases of low dissolved oxygen content, close to the minimal permissible level, are revealed in spring and summer. This phenomenon is an important feature of environmental conditions in the Strait in the warm period. It is possibly reasoned by general pollution of marine environments by sewage water, high water temperature, and relatively high concentration of suspended matter caused by active water circulation in the narrow strait and heavy rains. However, there is no any specific anthropogenic impact on the oxygen content in the Ajax and Paris Bights.

scholarly journals A Collecting Bottle Especially Adapted for the Quantitative and Qualitative Determination of Dissolved Gasses, Particularly Very Small Quantities of Oxygen

1918 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-10) ◽  
pp. 577-578
Author(s):  
Edwin Powers
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Winkler Method ◽  
Source Of Error ◽  
Qualitative Determination

One of the sources of error in the Winkler method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water, especially where the oxygen content is low, is the diffusion of oxygen into the water before and during the introduction of the chemicals. Another source of error is the mixing of the manganous chloride with the potassium iodide-alkali solution at the surface of the water, the chemicals adhering to the pipettes introducing these reagents having washed off at the topof the bottle, where they react with the oxygen present. In recent work involving the oxygen-free water apparatus described by Shelford in the preceding article of this volume, it was found especially desirable to eliminate the above sources of error. This was accomplished by a special bottle which allows the collecting of samples and the introduction of the chemicals without exposing the samples to air during the operation.

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