Morphological Variation in the Burhot (Lota lota) and Recognition of the Subspecies: A Review

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1757-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Pivnička
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
River System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Caudal Peduncle ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Lota Lota ◽  
The Elbe River

A review of the morphometric and meristic variations in 893 specimens of the burbot (Lota lota) from 18 freshwater areas representing the range of the species, showed that Lota lota lacustris (= maculosa), with a short, high caudal peduncle and low meristic values may be distinguished from Lota lota lota, with a long, low caudal peduncle and high meristic values. Lota l. lota occurs from the Volga River system through Siberia and Alaska to the Mackenzie River system in Canada. The populations from the Elbe River and the Danube River are on the periphery of this subspecies, to which it clearly belongs. Lota l. lacustris occurs in southernmost Canada, the United States, and western Europe. Both Lota l. leptura (Hubbs and Schultz, 1941) and Lota l. kamensis (Markun, 1936) are synonyms of Lota l. lota (Linnaeus, 1758).Clinal variations in the means for various characters of the species were found as follows. All meristic values and length of the caudal peduncle as a percentage of standard body length, in general, increased eastward from western Europe as far as 120°E and then decreased toward New England. Predorsal and preanal lengths generally increased eastward from western Europe to New England. The following generally decreased from western Europe eastward to 120°E and then increased toward New England: head length, interorbital width, postpectoral length, and depth of caudal peduncle as a percentage of standard length; depth of caudal peduncle as a percentage of its length; and postpectoral length as a percentage of predorsal length.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of polder systems on peak discharge capping of floods along the middle reaches of the Elbe River in Germany

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Huang ◽  
J. Rauberg ◽  
H. Apel ◽  
K.-E. Lindenschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
River System ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Monte Carlo Techniques ◽  
Main River ◽  
The Elbe River ◽  
Computational Resources

Abstract. In flood modelling, many one-dimensional (1-D) hydrodynamic models are too restricted in capturing the spatial differentiation of processes within a polder or system of polders and two-dimensional (2-D) models are very demanding in data requirements and computational resources. The latter is an important consideration when uncertainty analyses using the Monte Carlo techniques are to complement the modelling exercises. This paper describes the development of a quasi-2-D modeling approach, which still calculates the dynamic wave in 1-D but the discretisation of the computational units is in 2-D, allowing a better spatial representation of the flow in polders and avoiding large additional expenditure on data pre-processing and computational time. The model DYNHYD (1-D hydrodynamics) from the WASP5 modeling package was used as a basis for the simulations and extended to incorporate the quasi-2-D approach. A local sensitive analysis shows the sensitivity of parameters and boundary conditions on the filling volume of polders and capping of the peak discharge in the main river system. Two flood events on the Elbe River, Germany were used to calibrate and test the model. The results show a good capping effect on the flood peak by the proposed systems. The effect of capping reduces as the flood wave propagates downstream from the polders (up to 0.5 cm of capping is lost for each additional kilometer from the polders).

scholarly journals The effectiveness of polder systems on peak discharge capping of floods along the middle reaches of the Elbe River in Germany

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1391-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Huang ◽  
J. Rauberg ◽  
H. Apel ◽  
M. Disse ◽  
K.-E. Lindenschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
River System ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Monte Carlo Techniques ◽  
Main River ◽  
The Elbe River ◽  
Computational Resources

Abstract. In flood modelling, many one-dimensional (1-D) hydrodynamic models are too restricted in capturing the spatial differentiation of processes within a polder or system of polders and two-dimensional (2-D) models are very demanding in data requirements and computational resources. The latter is an important consideration when uncertainty analyses using the Monte Carlo techniques are to complement the modelling exercises. This paper describes the development of a quasi-2-D modeling approach, which still calculates the dynamic wave in 1-D but the discretisation of the computational units are in 2-D, allowing a better spatial representation of the flow in polders and avoiding large additional expenditure on data pre-processing and computational time. The model DYNHYD (1-D hydrodynamics) from the WASP5 modeling package was used as a basis for the simulations and extended to incorporate the quasi-2-D approach. A local sensitivity analysis shows the sensitivity of parameters and boundary conditions on the filling volume of polders and capping of the peak discharge in the main river system. Two flood events on the Elbe River, Germany were used to calibrate and test the model. The results show a good capping effect on the flood peak by the proposed systems. The effect of capping reduces as the flood wave propagates down stream from the polders (up to 0.5 cm of capping is decreased for each additional kilometer from the polder).

scholarly journals Immigration, wealth and the ‘mortality plateau’ in emergent industrial cities of nineteenth-century Massachusetts

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN HAUTANIEMI LEONARD ◽  
JEFFREY K. BEEMER ◽  
DOUGLAS L. ANDERTON
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Family Wealth ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
The Impact

The mortality transition in Western Europe and the United States encompassed a much more complex set of conditions and experiences than earlier thought. Our research addresses the complex set of relationships among growing urban communities, family wealth, immigration and mortality in New England by examining individual-level, sociodemographic mortality correlates during the nineteenth-century mortality plateau and its early twentieth-century decline. In contrast to earlier theories that proposed a more uniform mortality transition, we offer an alternative hypothesis that focuses on the impact of family wealth and immigration on individual-level mortality during the early stages of the mortality transition in Northampton and Holyoke, Massachusetts.

Organotins: their analysis and assessment in the Elbe river system, Northern Germany

1994 ◽  
Vol 350 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. -D. Wilken ◽  
J. Kuballa ◽  
E. Jantzen
Keyword(s):  
River System ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
The Elbe River

scholarly journals Geostatistical classification of dynamics of water quality changes in the Elbe river basin

Geografie ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Jakub Langhammer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
River System ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Emission Volume ◽  
Elbe River Basin ◽  
The Elbe River ◽  
And Control

With regard to the water quality changes, the area of the Czech part of the Elbe river basin is extraordinarily dynamic. In the 20th century it experienced an enormous increase of load of pollution. Since the beginning of the 1990's due to the political and economical changes, we have witnessed a particularly intensive decrease in the emission volume and a related increase in water quality of watercourses. However, positive changes in the pollution load balance have occurred mainly in the biggest watercourses and these changes have not been accompanied by similar development in the whole river system. Using a newly created classification methodology the basic models of dynamics of water quality changes in the Elbe river basin have been derived. Based on GIS geostatistical analysis, regions with analogous water quality development trends have been defined for selected parameters and critical areas have been identified. It has become apparent that the prevailing part of the Elbe river basin has been experiencing a gradual increase in pollution. In addition, after a previous decrease, a number of watercourses experienced a recurrence of the increase in load. These areas are priorities for further development and control of surface water protection against pollution.

Age and growth of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) in the Elbe River system in Germany

2015 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 278-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janek Simon
Keyword(s):  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
River System ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
The Elbe River

Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan. Aid and Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price: U.S. $ 52.00

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately 45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan. However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe. Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance, i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major parts: Part One deals with development thought and development assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further economic development.

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