Energy Expenditure of Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, During Sustained Performance

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1799-1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Sustained Performance ◽  
The Difference

Fingerling and adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were subjected to long periods of sustained swimming (10–20 days) in air-saturated fresh water. Energy expended was computed from change in body composition and compared with the metabolic equivalent from multiple determinations of oxygen-consumption rate. Caloric loss from body substance exceeded that estimated from total oxygen uptake by an average of 19.8%. The reasons for the difference, and the assumptions involved, are discussed. The difference apparently arises from slight excretion of partially metabolized fuels (anaerobic metabolism) and loss from sloughed body tissues. An oxycalorific equivalent of 4.8 kcal/liter O2 is considered an acceptable value for fish.

Genetic Differences in the Early Development and Growth of Sympatric Sockeye Salmon and Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka), and their Hybrids

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 2250-2260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris C. Wood ◽  
Chris J. Foote
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Genotype ◽  
Better Than

Anadromous (sockeye salmon) and nonanadromous (kokanee) Oncorhynchus nerka spawn sympatrically yet appear genetically distinct in a number of rivers in British Columbia. To investigate whether genetic differences are maintained by selection against -hybrid" progeny, we raised pure and reciprocal crosses of Shuswap River sockeye and kokanee under controlled hatchery conditions. Sockeye eggs were larger and survived slightly better than kokanee eggs, regardless of male type, both to the eyed egg stage and as young fry. We observed no differences in survival among cross types during the remainder of the 460 d study. Rate of yolk absorption was similar in pure sockeye and pure kokanee alevins, but significantly faster in alevins sired by sockeye than those sired by kokanee. This indicates a male genetic effect which compensates for the difference in egg size. Hybrid alevins developed differently because egg size is mismatched with the male genotype. Growth rates of fry were significantly more variable within pure kokanee families than within pure sockeye families Hybrid crosses survived as well as pure crosses under the study conditions. However, any progeny resulting from hybrid crosses in nature may sustain higher mortality than those from pure crosses.

Effect of Finclipping on Survival of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1263-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Weber ◽  
Roy J. Wahle
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
The Difference

A finclip and a chemical (tetracycline) mark were applied, in similar numbers, to hatchery-reared fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In mark-sampling of returning adults 3 and 4 years after release from the hatchery, numerical comparison of fish with the two marks showed that fewer finclipped fish returned than expected. It was demonstrated that the tetracycline mark did not affect survival and that the difference between returns of fish with the two marks originated in mortality caused by finclipping. The mortality attributed to finclipping was estimated as 39%.

Scope for Metabolism and Growth of Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and Some Related Energetics

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Scope For Growth ◽  
Metabolic Scope ◽  
The Difference

The extent of metabolic and feeding requirements for fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are compared over the tolerable range of temperature. Scope for growth, derived from the difference between maximum and maintenance rations, is shown to relate to temperature in a manner similar to that for maximum growth rate. Metabolic scope is compared with scope for growth, supporting the general concept of scope for activity developed by Fry (1947).

scholarly journals Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rusek ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Justyna Leszczak ◽  
Marzena Adamczyk ◽  
Rafał Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The main goal of our study was to determine how the age of children, puberty and anthropometric parameters affect the formation of body composition and faulty body posture development in children. The secondary goal was to determine in which body segments abnormalities most often occur and how gender differentiates the occurrence of adverse changes in children’s body posture and body composition during puberty. The study group consisted of 464 schoolchildren aged from 6–16. Body posture was assessed with the Zebris system. The composition of the body mass was tested with Tanita MC 780 MA body mass analyzer and the body height was measured using a portable stadiometer PORTSTAND 210. The participants were further divided due to the age of puberty. Tanner division was adopted. The cut-off age for girls is ≥10 years and for boys it is ≥12 years. The analyses applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and the t-test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05. The pelvic obliquity was lower in older children (beta = −0.15). We also see that age played a significant role in the difference in the height of the right pelvis (beta = −0.28), and the difference in the height of the right shoulder (beta = 0.23). Regression analysis showed that the content of adipose tissue (FAT%) increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with increasing weight, age, and height. Moreover, the FAT% was lower in boys than in girls (beta negative equal to −0.39). It turned out that older children (puberty), had greater asymmetry in the right shoulder blade (p < 0.001) and right shoulder (p = 0.003). On the other hand, younger children (who were still before puberty) had greater anomalies in the left trunk inclination (p = 0.048) as well as in the pelvic obliquity (p = 0.008). Girls in puberty were characterized by greater asymmetry on the right side, including the shoulders (p = 0.001), the scapula (p = 0.001) and the pelvis (p < 0.001). In boys, the problem related only to the asymmetry of the shoulder blades (p < 0.001). Girls were characterized by a greater increase in adipose tissue and boys by muscle tissue. Significant differences also appeared in the body posture of the examined children. Greater asymmetry within scapulas and shoulders were seen in children during puberty. Therefore, a growing child should be closely monitored to protect them from the adverse consequences of poor posture or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body.

Resumption of anadromy or straying? Origins of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Elwha River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn ◽  
George R. Pess ◽  
Ben J.G. Sutherland ◽  
Samuel J. Brenkman ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Elwha River

Alternative Recruitment Models of Adams River Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1551-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. Collie ◽  
Carl J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Ricker Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
High Yields

Despite evidence of depensatory interactions among year-classes of Adams River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), the best management policy is one of equal escapement for all year-classes. We fit alternative models (Ricker model and Larkin model) to 32 yr of stock–recruitment data and checked, using simulation tests, that the significant interaction terms in the Larkin model are not caused by biases in estimating the parameters. We identified a parameter set (Rationalizer model) for which the status quo cyclic escapement policy is optimal, but this set fits the observed data very poorly. Thus it is quite unlikely that the Rationalizer model is correct or that the status quo escapement policy is optimal. Using the fitted stock–recruitment parameters, we simulated the sockeye population under several management policies. The escapement policy optimal under the Ricker model is best overall because of the high yields if it should be correct. If the three stock–recruitment models are equally likely to be correct, the simulations predict that adopting a constant-escapement policy would increase long-term yield 30% over the current policy and that an additional 15% increase in yield could be obtained if the policy were actively adaptive.

Reduced growth in wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka infected with sea lice

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Godwin ◽  
L. M. Dill ◽  
M. Krkošek ◽  
M. H. H. Price ◽  
J. D. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Sea Lice

Diving Ability of the Platypus

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Evans ◽  
DR Jones ◽  
J Baldwin ◽  
GRJ Gabbott
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Oxygen Stores ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Ldh Isozymes

Reports of the underwater endurance of the platypus differ. In the present study, most dives observed at Melbourne Zoo were less than 3 min, but several were longer (up to 11 min). Calculated dive: surface ratios were between 2.5:1 and 20:1. Most dives in the laboratory were between 30 s and 4 min duration, and heart rate fell in all dives, from pre-dive rates of 140-230 to 10-120 beats min-1. These falls in heart rate indicate that blood supply to many tissues is restricted, but the short recovery times after dives suggest there is little anaerobic metabolism. Similarly, the distribution and properties of LDH isozymes in skeletal muscle do not suggest heavy dependence on anaerobic glycolysis, and the ability of platypus muscles to 'buffer' metabolic acids that accumulate during anaerobiosis is low relative to other diving mammals. The platypus dives after a large inspiration (about 50 mL for a 1-kg animal). Total blood volume of the platypus is not known, but haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and oxygen-carrying capacity have been shown to be high. Myoglobin oxygen stores in platypus are about 5 mL per kg body weight. Estimates of available oxygen stores and oxygen consumption rate indicate little need for anaerobic metabolism during normal dives, and it is suggested that the platypus has the physiological capacity for greater underwater endurance than previously suggested.

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