Di-n-hexyl Phthalate (DHP), a Newly Identified Contaminant in Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus) and Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus)

We describe the isolation and identification of di-n-hexyl phthalate, a new marine pollutant found in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) and Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). This compound was isolated from extracted lipids by a combination of gel permeation, high performance liquid and column chromatography, and selective precipitation of impurities. Conclusive proof of its structure was obtained from gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concentrations of di-n-hexyl phthalate (17–27 μg/g wet weight), which is not a major industrial phthalic acid ester, far exceeded those of dibutyl and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalates, the major industrial phthalic acid esters. Thus the possibility of selective bioaccumulation of DHP in herring and mackerel was indicated. This finding is important in view of the paucity of toxicological information concerning this compound.Key words: phthalic acid ester, di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), analysis, mackerel, herring, marine fish, pollution

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Hyponeustonic Fish Larvae in the Northumberland Strait During Summer 1962

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f76-147 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 1167-1174 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniel J. Faber

Keyword(s):

Surface Waters ◽

Fish Larvae ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Atlantic Herring ◽

Tautogolabrus Adspersus ◽

Sand Lance ◽

Atlantic Mackerel ◽

Cyclopterus Lumpus ◽

The North ◽

Clupea Harengus Harengus

A neuston net with mesh openings of 1.3 mm was towed in the surface waters of the north basin of the Northumberland Strait at irregular intervals from mid-June to mid-September 1962. Fifteen genera of teleost larvae belonging to 11 families were collected. Of these, the following eight species occurred in regular abundance and were termed "abundant larvae": sand lance, Ammodytes americanus; radiated shanny, Ulvaria subbifurcata; lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus; fourbeard rockling, Enchelyopus cimbrius; Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus; cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus; white hake, Urophycis tenuis; and Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus harengus. Larvae were collected in variable numbers, with the sampling data suggesting they were aggregated in the water. The total abundance of all larvae was about 50 larvae per tow except for a peak in July. The regular appearance of the "abundant larvae" resulted in unique combinations of spawning and hatching times for each species. The larvae of spring-spawners were present in June and were gradually replaced by the larvae of summer-spawners.

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Quantitative molecular detection of larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in stomach contents of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) marks regions of predation pressure

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84545-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bridie Jean Marie Allan ◽

Jessica Louise Ray ◽

Maik Tiedemann ◽

Valeriya Komyakova ◽

Frode Vikebø ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Life ◽

Molecular Detection ◽

Stomach Contents ◽

Early Life History ◽

Predation Pressure ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Atlantic Herring ◽

Atlantic Mackerel ◽

Life History Stages ◽

Scomber Scombrus

AbstractMortality rates in the early life-history stages of fishes are generally high yet identifying the causes remain unclear. Faltering recruitment rates of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the Norwegian Sea indicate a need to identify which mortality factors influence larval herring survival. Previous research suggests that increased predation pressure by Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) may contribute to the disconnect between spawning stock biomass and recruitment. To quantify the contribution of predation pressure by Atlantic mackerel to herring larval mortality, two research cruises were conducted within a probable “hot spot” (67–72° N) for intensified mackerel predation based on particle drift simulations. Mackerel stomach contents were analysed for herring larvae content using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) with a quantitative molecular detection assay specific for herring. The ddPCR results demonstrate clear predation by mackerel on herring larvae and also suggest that the alternative use of visual examination may give misleading results. Our results show that mackerel should be considered a potentially important predator on herring larvae. The quantitative molecular assay presented here shows great promise as an efficient and specific tool to correctly identify and quantify predation pressure on early life-history stages of fishes.

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Interaction Between Stock Area, Stock Abundance, and Catchability Coefficient

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f85-124 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 989-998 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

G. H. Winters ◽

J. P. Wheeler

Keyword(s):

Stock Assessment ◽

Population Decline ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Atlantic Herring ◽

Population Abundance ◽

Commercial Catch ◽

Standard Manner ◽

Clupea Harengus Harengus ◽

The Relationship ◽

Stock Abundance

The relationship between commercial catch-rates and population density upon which many stock assessment models depend assumes that stock area (A) is constant and independent of population abundance. Starting from a theoretical demonstration that the catchability coefficient (q) is inversely proportional to A, we establish the empirical basis of this relationship through comparisons of q and A of various Northwest Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) stocks and, in more detail, for Fortune Bay herring. For these stocks the relationship was of the form q = cA−b. For Atlantic herring stocks, levels of b were in excess of 0.80. In Fortune Bay herring, reductions in abundance were accompanied by proportional reductions in A, which in turn was inversely correlated with changes in q. School size, measured as catch per set, also declined as population levels declined but the change was not proportional. Published findings indicate that pelagic stocks in particular, and fish stocks in general, exhibit a common response of reductions in A with interactive increases in the q during periods of rapid population decline. We conclude that the conventional assumption of a constant stock area is usually violated due to the systematic interaction between A and population abundance which is reflected in an inverse relationship between stock abundance and q. Calibration of sequential population models should therefore be restricted to research vessel data collected in a standard manner and covering the distributional area of the stock.

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Ultrastructural Studies of Piscine Erythrocytic Necrosis (PEN) in Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus)

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f78-022 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 148-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Paul W. Reno ◽

Marie Philippon-Fried ◽

Bruce L. Nicholson ◽

Stuart W. Sherburne

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Key Words ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Type I ◽

Atlantic Herring ◽

Type Ii ◽

Inclusion Type ◽

Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽

Ultrastructural Studies ◽

Clupea Harengus Harengus

Erythrocytes of PEN-positive Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) were examined to determine their ultrastructure. Cytoplasmic inclusions were of two types when observed under the electron microscope. The first type (type I) appeared coarsely granular, electron dense, round, and up to 1.5 μm in diameter. Virions were closely associated with this type of inclusion. The second type of inclusion (type II) had approximately the same appearance as the surrounding cytoplasm, from which it was separated by a discrete membrane, and was variable in size. Virions were not intimately associated with type II inclusions. Virions occurred singly or in clusters within the cytoplasm or in association with type I inclusions and were hexagonal and 145 nm in diameter. Virions were composed of a rigid hexagonal capsid 8 nm wide, a lighter 16-nm region, and a core 100 nm in diameter. The virus of PEN is presumptively classified as an Iridovirus. Key words: ultrastructure, erythrocytes, virology

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Direct and Indirect Estimation of Gillnet Selection Curves of Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f90-050 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 460-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

G. H. Winters ◽

J. P. Wheeler

Keyword(s):

Selection Criterion ◽

Mesh Size ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Atlantic Herring ◽

Population Parameters ◽

Composition Data ◽

Catch Data ◽

Specific Selectivity ◽

Acoustic Surveys ◽

Clupea Harengus Harengus

Length-specific selection curves for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) were calculated for a series of gillnets ranging in mesh size from 50.8 to 76.2 mm (stretched measure) using Holt's (1963) model (ICNAF Spec. Publ. 5: 106–115). These curves were than compared with direct estimates of length-specific selectivity obtained from a comparison of gillnet catch length frequencies with population length composition data as determined from acoustic surveys. Selection curves calculated indirectly using the Holt model were unimodal and congruent. The empirical selection curves however were multimodal and fishing power varied with mesh size. These differences in selectivities were due to the fact that herring were caught not only by wedging at the maximum girth but also at other body positions such as the gills and snout. Each of these modes of capture have different length-specific selectivity characteristics and, since the relative contributions of the different modes of capture varied both between nets and annually, the selection curve of herring for a particular mesh size is not unique. It can however be reasonably approximated when girth is used as the selection criterion. Direct empirical selectivities are therefore recommended when interpreting population parameters from herring gillnet catch data.

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Potential of Eimeria sardinae (Apicomplexa: Eimeridae) Oocysts for Distinguishing between Spawning Groups and between First- and Repeat-Spawning Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f87-166 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 44 (7) ◽

pp. 1379-1385 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sharon E. McGladdery

Keyword(s):

Clupea Harengus ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Atlantic Herring ◽

Spawning Grounds ◽

The Difference ◽

Mature Fish ◽

Clupea Harengus Harengus ◽

Surrounding Areas ◽

Immature Fish ◽

Northeastern Atlantic

Prevalence of Eimeria sardinae oocysts was closely correlated with the maturity stage of the testes of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus). Prevalence was low in testes of immature fish, increased in ripe and spawning fish, and decreased in postspawning fish. No correlation was found between prevalence and age of spawning herring. The uniformly high prevalences in mature fish indicated the efficiency of transmission on the spawning grounds, where infective oocysts are released. Infection of first-spawning herring (approximately age 3) indicated that the oocysts may be dispersed to surrounding areas or immature fish may associate with spawning aggregations. Therefore, this parasite could not be used to distinguish first from repeat spawners. Prevalence oF E. sardinae peaked in May and September, and possibly in June and early July, thereby distinguishing two, and possibly three, spawning groups. A previous study indicated no correlation between maturity stage and infections by E. sardinae in northeastern Atlantic herring. The difference between the two sides of the Atlantic is attributed to greater mixing of immature and adult herring around spawning grounds and/or greater dispersal of infective oocysts from spawning grounds in the northeastern Atlantic, compared with those in the northwest.

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Isolation and characterization of antifreeze proteins from smelt (Osmerus mordax) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z90-245 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (8) ◽

pp. 1652-1658 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

K. Vanya Ewart ◽

Garth L. Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Antifreeze Proteins ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Osmerus Mordax ◽

Atlantic Herring ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Sea Raven ◽

Clupea Harengus Harengus

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from smelt (Osmerus mordax) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) were isolated using gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The AFPs of smelt appeared to consist of at least six components and those of Atlantic herring, of at least two components. The relative molecular masses of these antifreezes were 24 000 and 14 600, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed both proteins to be cystine-rich, type II AFPs like those of the sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus). In addition, smelt AFPs were found to be immunologically similar to those of the sea raven. The smelt AFPs differed from those of Atlantic herring and sea raven in that they contained a small amount of glucosamine (~3%). The activity levels of the smelt and herring AFPs were reduced in the presence of dithiothreitol, indicating the functional importance of intact disulfide bonds.

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