Developmental Responses of Juvenile Daphnia rosea to Experimental Alteration of Temperature and Natural Seston Concentration

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1357-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Neill
Keyword(s):  
Food Limitation ◽  
Food Concentration ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Oligotrophic Lakes ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Daphnia Rosea

A need for accurate estimates of juvenile development rates of Daphnia rosea from oligotrophic lakes prompted this investigation into the combined effects of temperature and natural seston concentrations on growth of neonates. Significant effects of seston concentration and temperature and especially their interaction were detected upon survival, number of prereproductive instars, growth increment per instar, and duration of development. Low summertime seston concentrations that were sufficient for good survival and growth at a low rearing temperature (12 °C) generally produced high mortality, slow development, and reduced biomass increments at higher temperature (21 °C). Further, poor growth and survival under low seston – high temperature conditions were exaggerated in August compared with May, suggesting possible seasonal changes in natural seston quality and/or juvenile daphnid physiology. In contrast, higher food levels typical of springtime conditions produced excellent survival and growth regardless of the test temperature employed or season examined. Food limitation of daphnid development was thus dependent upon both temperature and food concentration within the range of conditions commonly observed in oligotrophic lakes. Extrapolation of development rates measured under only a limited range of food–temperature conditions or taken from literature values should be done cautiously.Key words: Daphnia, development, juvenile, seston, food, temperature, growth, survival, Cladocera, oligotrophic

Culture Methods and Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Survival and Growth of Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister) Larvae in the Laboratory

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Dungeness Crab ◽  
Balanus Glandula ◽  
Cancer Magister ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Recent interest in causes of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) population fluctuations led to a study of temperature and salinity effects on survival and growth of zoeae.Preliminary work developed methods for culturing larvae in flasks with good survival. A comparison of survival of larvae fed two different diets showed the nauplii of the barnacle Balanus glandula and larvae of the bay mussel Mytilus edulis were suitable and unsuitable food organisms, respectively.The optimum ranges of temperature and salinity for laboratory-cultured C. magister zoeae were 10.0–13.9 C and 25–30‰, respectively. Zoeal survival was not significantly affected by temperatures and salinities approximating ocean ranges of these variables off the Oregon coast during the larval period. The growth rate of C. magister zoeae was directly related to temperature, but salinities that favored survival did not appear to affect the zoeal growth rate.

Comparative Survival and Growth of Two Strains of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) through the Early Life Stages in a Marine Pond

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1012-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Blom ◽  
Terje Svåsand ◽  
Knut E. Jørstad ◽  
Håkon Otterå ◽  
Ole I. Paulsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Early Juvenile Stage ◽  
Survival And Growth

Survival and growth of two strains of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were compared through the larval and juvenile stages in a marine pond in western Norway in 1990 and 1991. Strain A was homozygous for the genetic marker allele GPI-1*30 at the glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) locus expressed in white muscle, and Strain B possessed other GPI-1* genotypes, in 1990 the frequency of Strain B increased significantly from the larval to the juvenile stage; however, in 1991 the frequency of Strain A increased slightly but not significantly from the larval to the juvenile phase. Larval mortality did not differ significantly between strains any year, but juvenile mortality was significantly lower in Strain B in 1990 and Strain A in 1991. Average growth rates in length estimated from regressions were not significantly different between strains during the larval and juvenile period any year, but initial length was significantly larger in Strain B in 1990 and Strain A in 1991. Our results indicated that food limitation during the early juvenile stage induced differential size-selective mortality among the strains due to small differences in body size and actual age between strains. Body size did not become important for survival until the food-limited regime had occurred.

Growth and survival of seven native willow species on highly disturbed coal mine sites in eastern Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mosseler ◽  
J.E. Major ◽  
M. Labrecque
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mine ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Willow Species ◽  
Percentage Survival ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Mine Sites

Significant differences were apparent in seven native North American willow (Salix) species compared and assessed in common garden field tests for survival, biomass production, and coppice structure on former coal mine sites in New Brunswick, Canada. In most species, percentage survival was relatively constant after the initial establishment phase, allowing good prediction of final survival in the first or second year after establishment. Unrooted dormant stem sections collected from clones of five willow species previously field-tested and selected for survival and growth, survived and grew better on the mine site to be reclaimed than those collected directly from natural populations, demonstrating the ability to rapidly improve survival results based on prior field testing. Survival at ages 5 and 6 improved from an average of 70% to 94% for S. eriocephala Michx. and from 42% to 84% for S. interior Rowlee. The best clones in both species had over 95% survival and had approximately 5–6 t·ha−1 (t = tonne) fresh mass after 2 years of coppice growth. We recommend these two species for use in mine reclamation activities, because they grew best overall and had the highest survival rates. Despite poor average rooting ability in S. bebbiana Sarg., S. discolor Muhl., and S. humilis Marshall, some genotypes of these species showed good survival and growth, and further selection for these traits is warranted.

The role of temperature in the development of blue mould (Peronospora tabacina Adam) disease in tobacco seedlings. I. In leaves

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
AV Hill ◽  
S Green
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Range ◽  
Peronospora Tabacina ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tobacco Seedlings

In tests over a wide range of temperature conditions the number of days from inoculation of plants of cv. Virginia Gold with conidia of Peronospora tabacina to appearance of blue mould symptoms in leaves varied from 4 to 12 days with conidia of strain APT1 and from 5 to 15 days with strain APT2. It was 4 to 14 days with strain APT2 on plants of cv. SO1. Initial death of leaves of cv. Virginia Gold occurred at 5–6 days after inoculation with APT1 but 3–4 days later when similar plants or cv. SO1 were inoculated with APT2. For each strain there was a strong trend toward similar leaf loss, and similar progressive development of leaf loss in treatments with the same night temperatures. For both strains, leaf losses developed most rapidly and were most severe at night temperatures of 16–24°C. The relatively slow development of APT2, except over a narrow range of temperatures, would limit its capacity for competing with APT1 and for producing epiphytotics.

Factors Governing Clutch Size in Two Species of Diaptomus (Copepoda: Calanoida)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Chow-Fraser ◽  
Edward J. Maly
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Food Concentration ◽  
Interspecific Interaction ◽  
Prosome Length ◽  
Mate Availability ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Freshwater Copepods ◽  
Density Population

We conducted a synoptic survey of 11 nonstratifying takes in eastern Quebec to investigate the relative importance of water temperature, food concentration ([Chl a]), female prosome length, copepod density (population and community densities), and mate availability (sex ratio and density of males) in determining the clutch size of two freshwater copepods, Diaptomus minutus and D. oregonensis. Multiple regression analyses indicated that 60% of the variation in clutch size of D. minutus could be accounted for by temperature and [Chl a] (n = 33; P = 0.0001), while 80% of the variation in the D. oregonensis data (n = 11; P = 0.0017) was explained by temperature and prosome length. Addition of other variables to either model did not significantly reduce the residual variation. We also investigated the effect of interspecific interaction on the egg-bearing potential of D. minutus and found some evidence that animals in sympatry may have lower clutch size than those in allopatry when temperature and food concentration were held constant. By using an independent measure of food and mate availability, we confirmed that clutch size decreased significantly in relation to food limitation for both species, but was unaffected by mate limitation for either.

scholarly journals Variation in maternal effects and embryonic development rates among passerine species

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1497) ◽  
pp. 1663-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E Martin ◽  
Hubert Schwabl
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Offspring Quality ◽  
Passerine Species ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
The Tropics

Embryonic development rates are reflected by the length of incubation period in birds, and these vary substantially among species within and among geographical regions. The incubation periods are consistently shorter in North America (Arizona study site) than in tropical (Venezuela) and subtropical (Argentina) South America based on the study of 83 passerine species in 17 clades. Parents, mothers in particular, may influence incubation periods and resulting offspring quality through proximate pathways, while variation in maternal strategies among species can result from selection by adult and offspring mortality. Parents of long-lived species, as is common in the tropics and subtropics, may be under selection to minimize costs to themselves during incubation. Indeed, time spent incubating is often lower in the tropical and subtropical species than the related north temperate species, causing cooler average egg temperatures in the southern regions. Decreased egg temperatures result in longer incubation periods and reflect a cost imposed on offspring by parents because energy cost to the embryo and risk of offspring predation are both increased. Mothers may adjust egg size and constituents as a means to partially offset such costs. For example, reduced androgen concentrations in egg yolks may slow development rates, but may enhance offspring quality through physiological trade-offs that may be particularly beneficial in longer-lived species, as in the tropics and subtropics. We provide initial data to show that yolks of tropical birds contain substantially lower concentrations of growth-promoting androgens than north temperate relatives. Thus, maternal (and parental) effects on embryonic development rates may include contrasting and complementary proximate influences on offspring quality and deserve further field study among species.

Effects of algal diet on larval survival and growth of the barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) improvisus

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1227-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Nasrolahi ◽  
Alireza Sari ◽  
Seyedjafar Saifabadi ◽  
Masoumeh Malek
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Light ◽  
Food Concentration ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Developmental Duration ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Algal Diet

The effects of algal diet on larval survival and growth of the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus was for the first time examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Larvae were obtained by dissecting egg lamellae at later developmental stage out of the adults. Hatched nauplii were reared in 0.6-l glass beakers (200 larvae l-1) on a monoalgal diet of Chaetoceros calcitrans, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda at 1x105 and 2x105 cells ml-1, under continuous light at 25 ±1°C. The rate of development, survival and size (at Stage V) of the larvae were measured for each diet. The majority of nauplius II larvae (~70%) fed with Cha. calcitrans and Chl. vulgaris developed into cyprids within seven days while those fed with S. quadricauda remained at Stage II. A shorter time interval for Stage II to III was observed in larvae fed with a Chl. vulgaris monoalgal diet than Cha. calcitrans. Larvae fed with Cha. calcitrans had shorter developmental intervals for later larval stages (Stages IV–VI). The highest mortality was observed in the treatment with a monoalgal diet of S. quadricauda, while the highest survival was achieved with a diet of Cha. calcitrans. The mixed diet of Cha. calcitrans, Chl. vulgaris and S. quadricauda resulted in a shorter developmental duration of larval cycle (six days). Both food type and food concentration significantly affected the length and width of the nauplius larvae.

Survival and growth of perennial halophytes on saltland in a Mediterranean environment is affected by depth to watertable in summer as well as subsoil salinity

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Barrett-Lennard ◽  
Sarita Jane Bennett ◽  
M. Altman
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Small Leaf ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Chloris Gayana Kunth

Farmers need methods for assessing the capability of saltland for productive use based on characteristics that are readily measurable at the paddock scale. We conducted experiments on saltland transects with gradients of salinity and depth to watertable at three sites in south-western Australia. Each was planted with five perennial species with at least some salt tolerance: samphire (Tecticornia mellaria K.A.Sheph.), river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson), small leaf bluebush (Maireana brevifolia (R.Br.) Paul G.Wilson), saltwater couch (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). Survival and growth of species was related to depth to watertable in summer and average subsoil (0.25–0.50 m depth) electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe). It has been hypothesised that plant zonation on land affected by dryland salinity is affected by the level of salinity and waterlogging on sites. While plant survival ≥60% could be associated with particular ranges of depth to watertable and soil salinity, our data suggest that the most important factor affecting survival and growth was the presence of shallow groundwater in summer. The range of depths to watertable in summer associated with ‘good survival’ (≥60%) was 0.7–1.0 m with samphire, 0.7–1.6 m with saltwater couch, 0.8–1.5 m with Rhodes grass, 0.7–2.4 m with river saltbush, and 0.9–2.4 m with small leaf bluebush. The subsoil ECe (95% confidence interval) associated with ‘good survival’ was 5–14 dS/m for Rhodes grass, 6–11 dS/m for small leaf bluebush, 7–11 dS/m for river saltbush, 6–16 dS/m for saltwater couch, and 27–65 dS/m for samphire. Growth of the perennial grasses was strongly affected by the presence of a shallow watertable in summer; the size of saltwater couch and Rhodes grass increased many-fold as watertable depths decreased from ~1.3 to 0.9 m from the soil surface.

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