Potential Secondary Production from Herring Spawning in the Strait of Georgia

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Hay ◽  
J. Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Larval Emergence ◽  
Carbon Contribution

About 22% of the total herring spawning stock biomass is released annually as milt and eggs. The carbon contribution from herring spawning products to the Strait of Georgia is small in comparison with estimates of annual primary productivity. However, when the carbon contribution is calculated over the ~ 50-d period of spawning, egg incubation and larval emergence for the areas of herring spawning, the estimate of 6.92 g C∙m−2∙d−1 is substantially higher than maximum estimates of primary productivity. Even allowing for considerable dilution and dispersion of spawning products, the estimate of carbon contribution is high relative to primary production. We propose that this material may be a source of energy to promote secondary production, particularly in the form of microzooplankton, such as protozoa, copepod nauplii, or larvae of benthic animals all of which could serve as food for emerging herring larvae.Key words: Clupea harengus pallasi, herring spawning, secondary production, primary production, microzooplankton

Growth and Maturation of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s138-s146 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Haist ◽  
M. Stocker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Surplus Energy ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Stock Biomass

Juvenile growth rate, adult surplus energy, and the maturation schedule for the Strait of Georgia Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) stock were investigated over the period 1950–81. The variance in weight at age 2 is largely accounted for by juvenile abundance and sea surface temperature, indicating density-dependent juvenile growth moderated by environmental factors. Density and environmental factors have been equally important in moderating juvenile growth. Yearly variation in maturation of 3-yr-old herring is related to their average length; however, in two of the eight years studied the 3-yr-olds matured at considerably smaller sizes. The variance in adult surplus energy (growth plus gonad production) was largely accounted for by body weight, adult biomass, and sea surface temperature. A dome-shaped relationship between surplus energy and biomass was indicated, suggesting that over a broad range of population size, adult surplus energy is not density dependent. The relationship of sea surface temperature to both juvenile growth and adult surplus energy was quadratic with an optimum value. Recruitment biomass has been a relatively larger component than adult production of total stock growth, particularly during the period of high fishing intensity. This resulted in large fluctuations in stock biomass; in recent years, with lower fishing intensity, adult production has been a larger component of stock growth, and the stock biomass has become more stable.

Alternative Harvest Strategies for Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hall ◽  
R. Hilborn ◽  
M. Stocker ◽  
C. J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Harvest Rate ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Current Management Strategy ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Spawning Biomass ◽  
Constant Escapement

A simulated Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) population is used to evaluate alternative management strategies of constant escapement versus constant harvest rate for a roe herring fishery. The biological parameters of the model are derived from data on the Strait of Georgia herring stock. The management strategies are evaluated using three criteria: average catch, catch variance, and risk. The constant escapement strategy provides highest average catches, but at the expense of increased catch variance. The harvest rate strategy is favored for its reduced variance in catch and only a slight decrease in mean catch relative to the fixed escapement strategy. The analysis is extended to include the effects of persistent recruitment patterns. Stock–recruitment analysis suggests that recruitment deviations are autocorrelated. Correlated deviations may cause bias in regression estimates of stock–recruitment parameters (overestimation of stock productivity) and increase in variation of spawning stock biomass. The latter effect favors the constant escapement strategy, which fully uses persistent positive recruitment fluctuations. Mean catch is depressed for the harvest rate strategy, since the spawning biomass is less often located in the productive region of the stock–recruitment relationship. The model is used to evaluate the current management strategy for Strait of Georgia herring. The strategy of maintaining a minimum spawning biomass reserve combines the safety of the constant escapement strategy and the catch variance reducing features of the harvest rate strategy.

Environmental Variation and Recruitment of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s174-s180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Stocker ◽  
Vivian Haist ◽  
David Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Age Structured Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spawning Success

We used an age-structured model to estimate recruitment for the Strait of Georgia Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) population. The model used for herring is a version of the model described in Fournier and Archibald (1982. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 1195–1207), modified to include spawn survey information. Three structural assumptions are made to include the spawn data: (1) the form of the relationship between the actual spawn and the observed spawn, (2) the form of the relationship between escapement and actual spawn, and (3) the existence of a Ricker spawn–recruitment relationship, with a multiplicative environmental component. In order to determine which environmental factors had a significant effect on recruitment, we attempted to explain the residual variation from the Ricker curve with the environmental variables using exploratory correlations. Temperature, river discharge, sea level, and sunlight were examined. A multiplicative, environmental-dependent Ricker spawn–recruitment model was used to identify significant environmental variables. The model suggests a significant dome-shaped relationship between temperature and spawning success with an optimal temperature during larval stages resulting in maximum production of recruits. Also, increased spawning success is associated with increased summer river discharge. The significant environmental variables were included in the age-structured model in a stock–environment–recruitment relationship, and all model parameters were reestimated. The overall model fit improved only marginally with the inclusion of environmental variables, as indicated by the objective function value. However, the S–R component of the objective function dropped by 23% when environmental variables were included.

scholarly journals The influence of pre-recruitment growth on subsequent growth and age at first spawning in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1103-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre Brophy ◽  
Bret S Danilowicz
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Group Spawning ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Calculation of the spawning stock biomass for fisheries management requires information on the numbers or proportions of fish in each age- or length-group that are mature each year. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between growth and age of first reproduction in herring stocks around Ireland. Measurements of otolith size at the onset of the first annulus (O1) were used to compare growth during the first year of life between 1-, 2-, and 3-group spawning herring collected from spawning grounds in the Celtic Sea over a period of 3 years. The 1-group spawning fish had significantly greater mean O1 measurements, and hence showed faster growth on average during the first year of life than 2- or 3-group spawning fish. Fish that exhibited slow growth during the first year were absent from the adult spawning population at age 1, but occurred at similar levels in the samples of 2- and 3-group spawning fish. Regression of O1 radius on fish length at capture showed that growth during the first year of life had a small but significant effect on subsequent growth up to age 3. The relationship between pre-recruitment growth and subsequent growth and age at first spawning has implications for recruitment patterns of juveniles from different nursery areas and for the lifetime fecundity of population components with differential growth.

scholarly journals Seabird diets as bioindicators of Atlantic herring recruitment and stock size: a new tool for ecosystem-based fisheries management

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1215-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren C. Scopel ◽  
Antony W. Diamond ◽  
Stephen W. Kress ◽  
Adrian R. Hards ◽  
Paula Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Fishery Management ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Stock Assessments ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Fishery Data ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

Ecosystem-based fishery management requires understanding of relationships between exploited fish and their predators, such as seabirds. We used exploratory regression analyses to model relationships between Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the diet of seabird chicks at nine nesting colonies in the Gulf of Maine and four types of fishery- and survey-derived herring data. We found several strong relationships, which suggests spatial structuring in herring stocks and likely patterns of herring movements before they recruit into the fishery. Some types of herring data seldom used in stock assessments — notably acoustic surveys, fixed-gear landings, and mass-at-age (i.e., weight-at-age) — correlated as strongly with seabird data as more commonly used series, such as mobile-gear landings and modeled spawning stock biomass. Seabird chick diets collected at specific locations thus offer a promising means to assess the size, distribution, and abundance of juvenile herring across a broad area prior to recruitment, which is a major source of uncertainty in fisheries. Common terns (Sterna hirundo) showed the most potential as a bioindicator, correlating well and showing consistent spatial patterns with 11 of 13 fishery data series.

History and present status of fisheries for marine fishes and invertebrates in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Ketchen ◽  
N. Bourne ◽  
T. H. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Cod ◽  
Cancer Magister ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Merluccius Productus ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Protothaca Staminea ◽  
Dungeness Crabs ◽  
Parophrys Vetulus

An historical account is given of the development of Strait of Georgia commercial fisheries (other than salmon) from their beginnings in the middle to late 19th century to the 1980s. Where possible, attempts were made to explain past fluctuation in abundance, especially to distinguish natural effects from those of fishing or socioeconomic origin. The review deals with commercial exploitation of herring (Clupea harengus pallasi), dogfish (Squalus acanthias), lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), English sole (Parophrys vetulus), pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), hake (Merluccius productus), Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), shrimps (Pandalopsis dispar, Pandalus platyceros, P. jordani, P. hypsinotus and P. danae), oyster (Crassostrea gigas), butter clams (Saxidomus giganteus), little neck clams (Protothaca staminea), Manila clams (Tapes phillipinarum), geoduck clams (Panope generosa), and other invertebrates. Lingcod and the various shellfish species are also the object of recreational fisheries. Commercial landings in 1980 totalled 25 575 t with a landed value of over 20 million dollars. Over 57% of the weight landed and 70% of its landed value consisted of herring. Oysters, geoduck clams, Pacific cod, and Dungeness crabs were next in importance. We conclude that the future of the fishery will depend on policy regarding the coexistence of commercial and recreational components, the effectiveness of management measures, and probably on the success of controlling domestic and industrial pollution.

scholarly journals Spawning stock biomass modulation of environment - recruitment relationship in a marginal spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus membras) population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henn Ojaveer ◽  
Riina Klais-Peets ◽  
Heli Einberg ◽  
Gunta Rubene
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Fish Recruitment ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Gulf Of Riga

Scientific interest in the dynamics of fish recruitment dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, several studies have shown that the environment may have a stronger effect on recruitment (R) compared to that of the spawning stock biomass (SSB). By combining a suite of methods designed to detect the non-linear, non-stationary and interactive relationships, we have re-evaluated the potential drivers and their interactions responsible for the multiannual dynamics of the recruitment dynamics of the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea) spring spawning herring population at the longest time-span to date (1958-2015) allowing coverage of variable ecosystem conditions. R was affected significantly by prey density and the severity of the first winter. Although SSB was not a good predictor of R, adding interaction with SSB significantly improved the model, hence the effect of the two environmental variables on R was modulated by SSB. While temporal changes in the environment-R relationship were generally gradual, several abrupt changes were evident in the strength of these relationships. In addition, non-stationary, linear and non-linear relationships were observed.

Parasitism on Juvenile Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus) and Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia by the River Lamprey (Lampetra ayresi)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Roos ◽  
P. Gilhousen ◽  
S. R. Killick ◽  
E. R. Zyblut
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
River Lamprey ◽  
Juvenile Pacific Salmon ◽  
Healing Wounds ◽  
Narrow Size Range

River lamprey (Lampetra ayresi) were found to parasitize the young of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) and Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia, B.C. The dorsal attachment of the river lamprey is in sharp contrast to the usually ventral attachment of other species of lampreys that parasitize salmonids. Up to 1.9% of young salmon showed evidence of lamprey marks, and marked fish were generally restricted to a narrow size-range. Some of the fish exhibited severe wounds. Evidence from healing wounds on fingerlings and scars on adults indicates that some juvenile salmon survive the attacks of the river lamprey.

scholarly journals Stock–environment recruitment models for Norwegian spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus)

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øyvind Fiksen ◽  
Aril Slotte
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Temperature Index ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Stock Recruitment

Different stock–environment recruitment models for Norwegian spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus) are fitted to a time series of spawning stock, recruitment, and temperature data extending back to 1907. In addition to the traditional temperature index from the Barents Sea (the average annual temperature in the Kola transect), we also developed a new index based on the temperature in the larval drift trajectories during early larval life. The models show highly significant effects of both spawning stock and temperature. The inclusion of the temperature term in the stock–recruitment models removes the autocorrelation from the residuals and improves their explanatory ability by 6–9%. We explore the interdependence between recruitment success and subsequent spawning stock biomass and conclude that this is not likely to generate the stock–recruitment relationship. Our analysis suggests that the collapse of the Norwegian spring spawning herring stock in the period 1950–1970 was not caused by reduced recruitment, but by the drop in spawning stock biomass induced by the increased fisheries in this period.

Soft-Bodied Zooplankton Predators and Competitors of Larval Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) at Herring Spawning Grounds in British Columbia

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Purcell
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Dietary Overlap ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Barkley Sound ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Important Predator

The soft-bodied zooplankton predators and the microzooplankton foods of herring larvae were collected at 28 herring spawning grounds in British Columbia in April 1984, when herring larvae (Clupea harengus pallasi) hatched. The same predator species were found throughout coastal B.C., but total densities varied over three orders of magnitude. Barkley Sound had the highest densities, and bays in northern B.C. and the Strait of Georgia had higher densities than open shorelines in both regions. Eight of 18 species of soft-bodied predators contained herring larvae. The hydromedusan Aequorea victoria was the most important predator, and consumed 0.4% of the herring larvae∙d−1 in Fanny Bay, and 12.5, 3.9, and 0%∙d−1 over three consecutive days in Kulleet Bay as larval densities decreased. Herring larvae ate copepod nauplii (84.4%) and other microzooplankton. Densities of these prey varied between 0.8 and 37∙L−1 among 21 locations sampled. Only three species of hydromedusae showed extensive dietary overlap (90–100%) with larval herring. Soft-bodied predators consumed < 1%∙d−1 of the microzooplankton in 17 locations, and could have affected densities in only one of the 21 locations. The ratios of microzooplankton to predator densities varied over 1000-fold, suggesting great differences in the chances for herring larval survival among various locations.

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